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<td class="style7" align="middle" height="70"><u>Beginning of English Language Education</u></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr>
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<td bgcolor="#ebebeb"><img alt="" src="http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/upload/news/080416_p10_beginning.jpg" width="200" border="0"><br>One of the well-known graduates, Namgung Eok, later served as vice president of the Independence Club and president of Hwangseong Sinmun, or Capital Gazette.</td>
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<p style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" align="left"><i>This is the third in a series of articles about the history of English education in Korea ¯ ED.</i><br><br>By Kim Eun-gyong<br>Contributing Writer<br><br>After a long period of indirect, peripheral contact with the English language and Western culture, Koreans were finally directly introduced to the language after the conclusion of the 1882 Korean-American Treaty and the 1883 Korean-Great Britain Treaty. The Korean government and American missionaries served as the two initiators in the introduction of English language education in Korea. <br>
<br>As King Gojong (1864-1907) was placed on the throne at the age of twelve in 1864, his intractable father, Daewongun (Yi Ha-eung, 1821-1898), took power and kept the dynasty under tight control and a rigid policy of isolation. In 1873, he entered semi-retirement, and Gojong, a more adaptable and pragmatic ruler, began to open the dynasty. <br>
<br>In 1883, following the conclusion of the first Korean-American treaty, also Korea's first treaty with a Western nation, the United States established a legation in Seoul. The Joseon government reorganized its administrative structure. <br>
<br>It created departments specializing in international relations, foreign trade, military modernization and foreign language training. To aid in its modernization endeavors and to deal with increasingly troublesome foreign policy matters, the government sought the assistance of foreign advisers, especially Americans. <br>
<br>After the conclusion of the Korean-American treaty, Gojong made consistent efforts to bring in American advisers and experts in various areas including defense, diplomacy and education. As the advisors' roles and areas of responsibility expanded in the Korean government, so did the need for Korean interpreters. This, coupled with the diplomatic and trade relations with the United States, necessitated a training school for interpreters of the English language. <br>
<br>In December 1882, the royal court decided to open the Dongmunhak, or Common Script Learning, Korea's first English language school, under the Office of Foreign Affairs, following Paul Georg von M?llendorff's recommendation. M?llendorff was a German diplomat and the first Western adviser hired by the Korean government. <br>
<br>At this time China was exerting a strong influence on the Joseon court, after having aided Joseon in suppressing the Imo Revolt, the old army's rebellion against the government. Taking advantage of the opportunity, Viceroy Li Hung-chang arranged for M?llendorff and a Chinese diplomat to be the court's special advisers. M?llendorff had served in China for many years and was presumably Viceroy Li's close confidant. <br>
<br>From his arrival in Korea in December 1882 to the time of his departure in 1885, M?llendorff was actively involved in the modernization of the Joseon government and its politics. Under his direction, the Dongmunhak opened in September 1883. It was located in today's Jaedong, Jongnogu in Seoul.<br>
<br>Traditionally, interpreters had been a patrimonial trade of the chungin ("middle people") class, but by stipulating that the school "shall admit even the sons of farmers, industrialists, businessmen, and merchants, and irrespective of class background, considerations shall be given to (the applicants') academic aptitude only," the government showed a progressive approach in English language education. <br>
<br>The Dongmunhak was set up as a one-year interpreter training school. With a Korean principal, there were initially two Chinese instructors, Zhongxian Wu and Shaoyi Tang. Shaoyi was a Chinese scholar educated in the United States. Sent to the United States by the Chinese government at the early age of fourteen, he studied at Columbia University and New York University. <br>
<br>He had come to Korea chosen by M?llendorff and worked in customs affairs while teaching at the Dongmunhak. As M?llendorff became occupied with other responsibilities, British citizen T. E. Halifax served as chief instructor. Halifax was not considered a qualified instructor and received criticisms from his students because of his background: he had been a sailor and telegraphic technician, arriving in Korea with M?llendorff. <br>
<br>The school opened with approximately forty students. According to the government gazette, Hanseong Sunbo (Seoul Ten-Day Report) of February 21, 1884, the government provided all the students with textbooks and Western-style paper, and students with excellent records received lodging and board. <br>
<br>The trainees were divided into morning and afternoon classes and were taught English, Japanese, and arithmetic. In English classes, they studied sentences, phrases, and words, and the understanding and the use of paragraphs or stories one day and words and phrases only on the next. <br>
<br>In March 1884, within only a couple of months after its opening, the school produced over twenty of its first graduates but was closed when the government opened a formal school, the Yugyeong Gongwon (Public Institute of Education) in 1886. The government's experience with the Dongmunhak helped set up the new school, and Dongmunhak students initially served as assistants to American instructors. <br>
<br>The Dongmunhak students and graduates took active parts in various areas of Joseon society, especially in diplomatic and customs affairs. One of the well-known graduates, Namgung Eok, later served as vice president of the Independence Club and president of Hwangseong Sinmun, or Capital Gazette. <br>
<br>It should be noted that the first "modern" school the Korean government established was an English language school. However, rather than being an active measure taken by the Korean government, the Dongmunhak was established and maintained under the heavy influence of China. The appointment of the school's founder, M?llendorff, was arranged by China, and its instructors were Chinese or a Westerner associated with him. Even the name of the school was closely related to that of a diplomat-training school the Chinese government established in China. <br>
<br>The Dongmunhak was a school of expedience: it was set up as a one-year training school, producing graduates in an even shorter period. Namgung Eok, for example, graduated in January 1884, within a couple of months after having entered the school, and served as an interpreter under M?llendorff. While the instructors were native or fluent English speakers, they had little background in English language education.<br>
<br><i>Kim Eun-gyong is an associate professor of applied linguistics and Associate Dean of the Center for International Affairs, Information and Communications University (ICU) in Daejeon She can be reached at <a href="mailto:egkimrivera@icu.ac.kr"><font color="#000000"><a href="mailto:egkimrivera@icu.ac.kr">egkimrivera@icu.ac.kr</a></font></a></i> </p>
<p style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" align="left"><a href="http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/04/181_22588.html"><a href="http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/04/181_22588.html">http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/04/181_22588.html</a></a></p>
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