<h1>First languages fear second place</h1><br><br><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Scandinavians' pride in their facility for English is turning to concern as their mother tongues fall out of use in business and academia. Gwladys Fouché reports from Norway on action to reverse the decline</font> <br>
<br><font face="Geneva,Arial,sans-serif" size="2"><b>Friday May 23, 2008<br><a href="http://www.guardianweekly.co.uk/"><font color="#ff3300">Guardian Weekly</font></a></b> <br><br></font>
<div id="GuardianArticleBody">Few countries voluntarily adopt a foreign tongue as one of their main languages, but Norway has been doing it for years with English. Now, however, its government wants to protect its national language. "I tried to learn Norwegian when I came here. But when they hear you're a foreigner, Norwegians naturally switch languages. They're very nonchalant about it," says Tom Jackson, a 30-year-old academic from England. He moved to Oslo three years ago to work in a research institute. There was no need to speak Norwegian there as the working language was English.
<p>"The only place I met people who did not speak English was at a fish shop," says Jackson. "I knew before I moved that Scandinavians were good at English, but I was amazed at their level of fluency." Norway has long promoted the use of English at home to enable it to be part of the globalised economy. English has been compulsory at school for decades, and for several years universities have been able to teach classes in English so they can attract international students and staff. English has become so predominant that the government says it is threatening the existence of Norwegian. "Languages around the world are simply vanishing and are not being used anymore," says the culture minister, Trond Giske. "Norwegian is under entirely new pressure than it was just a few years ago, especially because of the internet and the media."
<p>To address this situation Giske is due to present a white paper to parliament next month declaring that the survival of the Norwegian language is becoming a policy priority. The white paper will focus on two areas where English has overtaken Norwegian: business and academia. "In business, all the top international Norwegian firms already use written English day in day out," explains Sylfest Lomheim, director of the Norwegian Language Council. "Norwegian colleagues will talk in Norwegian to one another, but when it comes to writing reports or sending emails, they will do it in English.
<p>"In academia, 30% of social sciences theses were written in English in the early 1990s. Now it's 70%. It is possible that in 30 to 40 years' time Norwegian will no longer be used in higher education. Do we want that to happen?" The culture minister has suggested other ways to promote Norwegian, such as calling for more video games to be in the national language. The focus of the white paper will be on written English, not spoken. "It is absolutely necessary for Norwegians to speak good English. English is not the enemy here," Lomheim says. Instead, the "enemy" is Norwegians' relaxed attitude towards the written form of their language. It is essential to preserve it, Lomheim says, because "we need to keep up the ability to discuss central issues of public debate in Norwegian. If we don't have the vocabulary for it, we can't discuss them."
<p>This concern is widespread throughout Scandinavia, and both Sweden and Denmark are creating initiatives to promote their national languages. "If some research fields became completely Anglophile, it would be impossible to write good new textbooks in Swedish," explains Olle Josephson, head of the Language Council of Sweden. "How do we learn about new developments in biology or physics if we don't have Swedish words for them? This would be a blow to public debate and democracy. "Already many good Swedish scientists cannot write about their fields of research in their own language, because they only do it in English."
<p>So, since 2006, Sweden has developed a language policy to promote Swedish as the majority language. A single language authority was established to monitor the development of spoken and written Swedish. "Several universities have also developed their own strategy to promote English and Swedish as equal working languages," Josephson explains. "Some universities now ask that if a thesis is written in English, a summary in Swedish should be provided as well." The government is also preparing a language bill that will, among other things, establish Swedish as the country's main language, and protect its minority languages, such as Finnish, Sami, Romani and Yiddish. It will also say that Sweden is a multicultural society where everyone has the right to speak his or her native tongue. The bill is expected to be sent to parliament in February or March next year.
<p>Meanwhile in Denmark a government commission last month handed in 69 proposals to promote the use of Danish. It suggests the creation of a national term bank to retain Danish vocabulary and the launch of an information campaign to nurture children's language awareness. "Since 2004, the official policy is that Danish should be secured as a complete language so that public institutions can operate in Danish," explains Niels Davidsen-Nielsen, chairman of the Danish Language Council. "Today the debate is whether legislation should be involved to promote Danish further." Some politicians call for a language act to be introduced, while others say a law should force universities to keep Danish as the main language of teaching. Others still argue that laws on language are pointless because you can't control the way people express themselves. Parliament is expected to debate the issue after the summer.
<p>All these initiatives might seem to indicate that the Scandinavian countries are fearful of the development of English, but this would be wrong. "We should have a parallel use of language, with both Danish and English being promoted," says Davidsen-Nielsen. "It's essential that Swedes are very strong in English in order for the country to compete internationally. It would be impossible otherwise," Josephson agrees. "It's OK to borrow words from other languages or use anglicisms. If not languages would die. After all, English comes from Norwegian," Lomheim says. "The challenge is to develop English and Norwegian at the same time so that people are as good as possible at both."<br clear="all">
<br>-- <a href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/tefl/story/0,,2281720,00.html">http://education.guardian.co.uk/tefl/story/0,,2281720,00.html</a><br>**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>
and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of<br>the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a <br>message are encouraged to post a rebuttal. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br>
******************************************* </p></p></p></p></p></p></p></div>