<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial; line-height: 15px; "><div id="article-header" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; position: relative; min-height: 68px; clear: left; border-top-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-right-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-bottom-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-left-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); padding-bottom: 0px; "><div id="main-article-info" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 460px; float: left; "><h1 id="heading-alone" class="article-no-standfirst" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-right-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-bottom-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-left-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); padding-bottom: 30px; width: 460px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jun/17/france">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jun/17/france</a></span></font></h1><h1 id="heading-alone" class="article-no-standfirst" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 2.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-right-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-bottom-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-left-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); padding-bottom: 30px; width: 460px; "><br></h1><h1 id="heading-alone" class="article-no-standfirst" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-right-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-bottom-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-left-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); padding-bottom: 30px; width: 460px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal;">Local language recognition angers French academy</span></font></h1></div></div><div id="content" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; float: left; width: 460px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 1.165em; line-height: 1.36; "><ul class="article-attributes no-pic" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative; padding-bottom: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; min-height: 54px; border-top-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-right-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-bottom-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-left-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); "><li class="byline" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-weight: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.25; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; "><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/angeliquechrisafis" name="&lid={contentTypeByline}{Angelique Chrisafis}&lpos={contentTypeByline}{1}" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 86, 137); font-weight: bold; ">Angelique Chrisafis</a> in Paris</li><li class="publication" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); display: inline; font-weight: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.25; margin-bottom: 0px; "><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian" name="&lid={contentTypeByline}{The Guardian}&lpos={contentTypeByline}{2}" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 86, 137); ">The Guardian</a>, </li><li class="date" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); display: inline; font-weight: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.25; margin-bottom: 0px; ">Tuesday June 17, 2008</li><li class="history" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-weight: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.25; margin-right: 3px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; "><a class="sendbyline" id="historylink-byline" style="cursor: pointer; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 86, 137); ">Article history</a></li></ul><div id="article-wrapper" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; position: relative; "><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; ">For years France's regional languages were seen by Paris as a taboo that threatened national unity and should be repressed - children were punished for speaking Breton in the playground, banned from speaking Occitan in southern schools or Alsatian dialect in the east. But now, just as the French parliament has taken a historic step to recognise minority languages in the constitution, a new war of words has broken out.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; ">L'Académie française, the institution that defends the purity of French, yesterday issued a furious warning that recognising regional languages in the constitution would be "an attack on French national identity". In turn, local language militants criticised the academy as a ridiculous relic of outdated nationalism.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; ">The row has highlighted how far France differs from other European countries in the defence of minority tongues. Unlike the UK, which has acted to protect languages such as Welsh and Scottish Gaelic, France is one of the few European states which refuses to ratify the European charter for minority languages and give legal status to its various language groups.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; ">France boasts 75 regional languages, including those spoken in far-flung territories from the Indian Ocean to South America. Regional languages such as Alsatian, Occitan, Corse, Breton and Basque, and even smaller ones such as Béarnaise and Picard, have increasingly powerful and well-organised lobby groups. Parents have campaigned to set up regional language schools outside the state system, while the state has started offering some bilingual classes.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; ">But minority languages have no legal status and are deemed by Unesco to be dying out. Before 1930 one in four French people spoke a regional language to their parents; that figure has nosedived.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; ">Last month the parliament broke a taboo by holding a debate and agreeing to insert a line in the constitution recognising local languages as part of French heritage. "Speaking or singing in Breton, Alsatian or Basque doesn't stop you being patriotic," said one Breton MP. All parties were unanimous.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; ">But before the senate examines the issue today, l'Académie française has objected, warning that writing regional languages into the constitution would dilute French identity.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; ">Dàvid Grosclaude, president of Occitan language group l'Institut d'Estudis Occitans, issued an open letter to the academy, which he called "full of bitterness, resentment and fear" and too blinkered to recognise France's diverse citizenship.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; ">Philippe Jacq, director of l'Office de la Langue Bretonne, said the constitutional change was only a small step, and France must provide legal recognition and sign the European charter.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; ">He said: "All we ask for is to speak our languages in public life, to have services in our languages, for parents to have the right for their children to be taught in the language of their choice."</p><h2 style="background-repeat: no-repeat; font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; clear: left; font-family: arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); background-position: 0% 100%; ">Small Talk</h2><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; "><strong style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; ">Alsatian</strong> Dialect of German spoken in Alsace and Lorraine (at times part of German state) by 500,000 in 1999; only 15% pass it on to children, though 160,000 pupils learn it at school</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; "><strong style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; ">Occitan</strong> or Langue d'oc; 780,000 speakers in southern Europe in 1999, half in Aquitaine and Midi-Pyrénées</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; "><strong style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; ">Corse</strong> Spoken by 90,000 on the island, and studied by 90% of primary pupils</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; "><strong style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; ">Breton or Brezhoneg</strong> Celtic language spoken by one million in Britanny at start of 20th century; now down to 270,000, with two-thirds aged over 60</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; padding-right: 0px; "><strong style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat; ">·</strong> This article was amended on Thursday June 19 2008. A panel in the article above about France's regional languages gave the Breton word for the Breton language as Breizh. That is the word for Brittany. The language is Brezhoneg. This has been corrected.</p></div></div></span><div> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div>____________________</div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; "><font face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; ">Dennis Baron</font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; "><font face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; ">Professor of English and Linguistics</font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; "><font face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; ">Department of English<span class="Apple-converted-tab"> </span><span class="Apple-converted-tab"> </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; "><font face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; ">University of Illinois<span class="Apple-converted-tab"> </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; "><font face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; ">608 S. 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