<div dir="ltr"><div> Liddicoat, Anthony J. <br>TITLE: Language Planning and Policy <br>SUBTITLE: Issues in Language Planning and Literacy <br>PUBLISHER: Multilingual Matters <br>YEAR: 2007 <br><br>LIU Haitao, Institute of Applied Linguistics, Communication University of China. <br>
<br>SUMMARY <br>Literacy is a central issue to many language planning works. However, there are <br>few studies which focus primarily on literacy as a language planning activity. <br>This volume tries to explore some of the complexities and consequences of <br>
literacy in a range of contexts and from a range of perspectives. It brings <br>together a collection of fifteen papers on language planning for literacy in <br>official and vernacular languages and deals with the related issues in first and <br>
additional languages in North America, Asia, Africa, Europe and the Pacific. The <br>following is a summary of these fifteen papers. A similar summary can be found <br>in the Introduction written by the editor (Anthony Liddicoat) and the abstracts <br>
in each paper. <br><br>Liddicoat examines two main issues in language planning for literacy: the ways <br>in which literacy has been defined and the relationship between literacy and <br>language selection. This paper argues that contemporary literacy planning has to <br>
consider more than models of delivery and become involved in issues related to <br>define the nature of literate capability and the selection of languages in which <br>literate capabilities will be developed. According to the author, these <br>
questions are important to the literate futures of people in a globalizing world. <br><br>Stevens explores federal policies for early literacy in the United States and <br>presents questions of how language and literacy are being defined and for whom. <br>
Using a Foucaultian analysis, she shows that literacy is an ideologically <br>motivated concept and that although one ideology may be embedded in policy <br>texts, the conceptualization may be modified through the discursive practices of <br>
implementation. The paper concludes that language and literacy policies would do <br>best to recognize and work within the complex learning setting of schools and <br>classrooms. <br><br>Muthwn gives a critique of the interaction between language planning and <br>
literacy development in Kenya. The paper looks at the impact of the choice of <br>English as the language of literacy development. However, the choice of language <br>is not the single cause of Kenya's literacy problems. Other factors, for <br>
instance the working definitions of literacy used in Africa and school language <br>practices, also contribute to the literacy problems. The author provides some <br>practical suggestions to solve these problems. One of them is to redefine <br>
literacy in Kenya because the definition plays an important role in determining <br>the most suitable approach. <br><br>Cray and Currie examine the concept of literacy in Canada's current immigrant <br>language-training policy. The official policy in Canada is that immigrants <br>
should be assisted in acquiring one of the two official languages as a part of <br>their integration into Canadian society, but that actually in most parts of <br>Canada, the priority is on English rather than French. The authors found that <br>
the implementation of this policy fails to fulfill the original promise of <br>language instruction to a level that would allow for successful settlement and <br>integration. <br><br>Chua reviews the ideological roots of literacy in the multilingual context of <br>
Singapore where there is a conflict between the place of English and that of the <br>local official languages: Chinese, Tamil and Malay. While Singaporeans have to <br>master the English language for political and economic reasons, ideologically, <br>
they should remain Asian by rejecting the cultural components of English, <br>replacing them with Asian values. The author argues that this makes Singaporean <br>citizens as bilingual and bi-literate in English and their mother tongues, but <br>
as mono-cultural. The concept of functional literacy is the basis of this <br>dichotomization and serves as a framework for understanding language policies in <br>Singapore. Currently the cultural component is subordinated to the economic in <br>
Singapore's policy practice and the result is a shift from the local languages <br>to English. <br><br>Another investigation about the place of literacy education in a multilingual <br>context is the paper written by Kamanathan who presents an analysis of the <br>
relationship between English-based and vernacular-based education in India. <br>Drawing on an eight-year ethnographic study of English and vernacular medium <br>education in Gujarat, the author argues a situated approach that begins <br>
addressing the related inequities around language planning and policy by first <br>focusing on what is on the ground. At the core of her argument is a contestation <br>of what constitutes the literate subject and the value system in which literacy <br>
is acquired. <br><br>Zhou investigates the development of minority language literacy planning in the <br>People's Republic of China since 1949 and claims that language planning for <br>literacy has shifted from a literacy campaign approach to a legislative approach <br>
which treats compulsory education as the mainstream means for literacy <br>development. Zhou identifies three stances in Chinese language planning: <br>promotion, which involves active support for minority language literacy; <br>
permission, which provides a place for such literacies in education; tolerance, <br>which allows, but does not actively support, minority literacies. While the <br>national laws generally take a permissive stance towards literacy in minority <br>
languages, local laws adopt stances ranging from promotion to tolerance. The <br>author argues that the stance that is adopted in legislation depends on two <br>factors, the political desire and power of the minority and the economic context <br>
in which literacy practices are developed and rationalized. <br><br>Kosonen comparatively examines literacy planning for ethnic minorities in three <br>countries: Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. According to the author, in all three <br>
polities, literacy is understood as a process tied to the standardized official <br>language and that vernacular language literacy is marginalized, although to <br>different degrees in each country. In all three countries, minorities benefit <br>
less from the education services currently provided than do the dominant <br>linguistic groups. Kosonen asserts that the present emphases in language <br>planning and literacy development appear to be widening the educational gap <br>
between the minority and majority populations, creating an internal literacy <br>divide. In spite of the lack of official recognition of minority languages in <br>education and literacy development, the vernaculars are used orally in education <br>
in all three polities for pragmatic purposes. The author argues that these local <br>vernacular practices may provide the basis for developing viable biliteracy <br>programs. In other words, language planning at the grassroots is possible and a <br>
change in the conceptualization of literacy at the national level does not <br>necessarily have to be a ''top-down'' process stipulated by centralized government <br>agencies. <br><br>Siegal looks at the origins of pidgins and creoles and explores some of the <br>
reasons for their lack of use in formal education. According to the author, one <br>of the key difficulties of these languages is the low prestige. Therefore, in <br>developing literacy in these languages, status planning and corpus planning need <br>
to be accompanied by prestige planning in order to respond to the existing <br>linguistic value system. Only four polities have adopted pidgins or creoles as <br>languages of education: Seychelles, Haiti, Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, but <br>
in each case only as a transitional program towards literacy in another <br>language. Siegal argues that, while pidgins and creoles form a range of literate <br>activities in many societies, literacy in these languages is typically acquired <br>
by transfer from practices learned in the official language, that is, first <br>language literacy is derived from second language literacy. The practices in <br>these languages shows that there is a long way to go before these languages are <br>
fully recognized as legitimate vehicles for literacy. <br><br>Crowley investigates the question of literacy in indigenous languages from an <br>ecological perspective. The author argues that literacy in the Pacific does not <br>
give added status to local languages and that it inevitably weakens these <br>languages, leading ultimately to the replacement of a huge number of languages <br>by colonial languages. The core problem for language planning, as Crowley points <br>
out, rests with the indigenization of literacy, that is to say, literacy must be <br>incorporated into local cultures. While literacy may be introduced into a <br>society as an exotic practice, it will only seem successful if it becomes a <br>
local practice. <br><br>Lindstrom examines the ways in which Papua New Guinea's vernacular literacy <br>policy is implemented in the Kuot speech community of New Ireland. Kuot is a <br>language in a critical situation. Lindstrom shows some of the problems which <br>
emerge for literacy planning in situations of language death where <br>understandings of the nature and purpose of vernacular literacy may not be <br>shared between language planners and communities. While the community expects <br>
this to work for language survival, the aim of the education policy is the <br>eventual transfer of literacy skills to English. The author describes the <br>tensions between these conflicting goals and the various components that make up <br>
the specific situation of Kuot, including vernacular literacy, orthographic <br>considerations arising from the language's precarious situation, and the <br>eventual extension of the internet era to Melanesia. Dunn investigates <br>
vernacular literacy in the Touo language of the Solomon Islands. First language <br>speakers of Touo are typically multilingual, and likely to speak other <br>vernaculars. Touo literacy receives no institutional support and vernacular <br>
literacy is largely seen as the domain of other local vernaculars. While Touo is <br>used only for linguistically marginal genres such as listing of personal and <br>tribal names, vernacular literacy is evidently a powerful potential source of <br>
social influence. The Touo people are indigenizing literacy, if only to a <br>limited extent, and are integrating literate practice and the ideologies which <br>surround it into traditionally valued practices. <br><br>Paviour-Smith reports the issues involved in literacy-related corpus planning <br>
for the Aulua language community of Vanuatu. He examines the questions which can <br>arise in developing an orthography in a context with a number of alternatives <br>and argues that community views of appropriate orthographic systems may differ <br>
significantly from those of linguists. In particular, the symbolic associations <br>that particular graphemic choices have may strongly influence the nature of the <br>orthography developed. He also explores the process of developing materials for <br>
a literacy program and documents the development of written forms of oral texts. <br><br>Dekker and Young deal with language planning for literacy for ethno-linguistic <br>minorities in the Philippines, and focus on the planning and implementation of <br>
literacy programs. They observe that, in the Philippine context, literacy has <br>been recognized as valuable by ethno-linguistic minorities and vernacular <br>literacy is also included in Philippines' policy, although possibly not in <br>
practice. According to the authors, the minorities face two problems in becoming <br>literate: their local language is not used as the medium of instruction; the <br>curriculum is culturally distant from the worldview and experience of the <br>
learners. They argue that local language planning work can play an important <br>role in developing education for ethno-linguistic minorities. <br><br>Papapavlou and Pavlou examine the potential for Cypriot Greek to ensure a place <br>
in education. The key issue is the possibility for bi-dialectal education in <br>Cypriot Greek and Modern Standard Greek in the Cypriot context. The authors note <br>that the place of non-standard varieties in education is argued and that some of <br>
the questions are linked with the image and value of the non-standard variety in <br>relation to the standard form of the language. To answer the questions, they <br>investigate primary school-teachers' attitudes to Cypriot Greek as a language <br>
variety and as a language for use in an educational context. The study shows <br>that, although a majority of teachers view Cypriot Greek positively, many <br>teachers maintain a negative image of the variety and reject its use in <br>
education. As long as a non-standard variety is not widely accepted by teachers, <br>it is unlikely that language planning initiatives with a focus on developing <br>bi-dialectal literacies will succeed. <br><br>EVALUATION <br>
Literacy is usually one of main goals in language planning and language policy. <br>However, it is difficult to find the specific chapter dedicated to literacy in <br>the works (textbooks or monographs) of language planning and language policy . <br>
For example, we can not see the word ''literacy'' even in the most extensive <br>framework for language planning goals (Kaplan & Baldauf 2003: 202), although <br>there are two subchapters in the Introduction on literacy and language <br>
policy/standard languages (Kaplan & Baldauf 2003: 7-9). Two examples of a <br>literacy campaign can be found in Lo Bianco (2001: 194-198) on Vietnam and <br>Cooper on Ethiopia (1989: 21-28). In this way, it is necessary and useful to <br>
publish some works on literacy planning in different contexts. <br><br>Literacy planning is ignored perhaps because literacy planning is not only an <br>instance of language-in-education planning, it has also multiple <br>
interrelationships with another three dimensions of language planning: status <br>planning, corpus planning, and prestige planning. <br><br>This volume presents us a complex view of literacy planning, which is not simply <br>
a matter of planning a written form of a language, and is also a highly <br>ideological activity relating to the nature and practice of literacy and the <br>power relations which exist within societies. The studies in this volume clearly <br>
show that literacy planning is a language policy and planning activity, and not <br>just a sub-category of language-in-education planning. <br><br>The book is well organized and printed, although several bugs still can be <br>
found. For example, Lisa Patel Stevens was given a wrong surname (Stephens) in <br>Contents and Introduction written by Liddicoat. In the same Introduction, <br>another author Zhou was also misspelled as Zhao. It is a pity that the volume <br>
does not include indexes of the names and subject. The chapters are certainly <br>useful to read and use in this interesting book. <br><br>REFERENCES <br>Cooper, Robert L. (1989) _Language Policy and Social Change_. Cambridge: <br>
Cambridge University Press. <br><br>Kaplan, Robert B. and Richard B. Baldauf Jr. (2003) _Language and <br>Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin_. Dordrecht/Boston/London: <br>Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br>
<br>Lo Bianco, Joseph. (2001) Viet Nam: Quoc Ngu, Colonialism and Language Policy. <br>In Nanette Gottlieb and Ping Chen (eds.) _Language Planning and Language Policy: <br>East Asian Perspectives_. Richmond: Curzon Press. pp. 159-206. <br>
<br>ABOUT THE REVIEWER <br>LIU Haitao is professor of applied and computational linguistics at the <br>Communication University of China (CUC). His research interests include language <br>planning, computational linguistics and syntactic theory.</div>
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