<div><br clear="all">Language in the Media<br></div>
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<div>Announced at <a href="http://linguistlist.org/issues/18/18-2574.html">http://linguistlist.org/issues/18/18-2574.html</a> <br>EDITORS: Johnson, Sally; Ensslin, Astrid <br>TITLE: Language in the Media <br>SUBTITLE: Representations, Identities, Ideologies <br>
PUBLISHER: Continuum. <br>YEAR: 2007 <br><br>Francisco Yus, Department of English Studies, University of Alicante, Spain. <br><br>SUMMARY <br>This book is a collection of essays on language and the media. One might expect <br>
chapters covering more general or broad issues concerning the language of <br>specific media (for example chapters on ''the language of advertising'' or <br>''language in the press''); instead, this book is a collection of essays dealing <br>
with very specific language-related topics within media discourses. In such a <br>way, the book apparently narrows the range of readers that might be interested <br>in purchasing it and, at the same time, the overall preliminary effect is that <br>
certain areas of media research will not be sufficiently covered. This is, of <br>course, a matter of the editors' choice, and has nothing to do with the actual <br>quality of the chapters included in the book, a quality which should be <br>
underlined. In the introduction (''Language in the media: theory and practice'', <br>pp. 3-22) the editors point out that the contributors ''bring a wealth of <br>approaches to the media texts and practices they are scrutinizing, drawing <br>
variously, for example, on conversational/text analysis, critical and multimodal <br>discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics and speech act <br>theory as well as historiographical and ethnographic techniques'' (p. 5). The aim <br>
is explicitly narrow within media studies, focusing mainly on those media texts <br>and practices where language is itself more or less explicitly thematized (p. <br>7). As such, two main areas of interests in the book are stressed: (1) the <br>
language used to reflect on language within the media texts that are themselves <br>the object of study; and (2) the language used by the producers and/or consumers <br>of those texts when talking or writing about them (p. 6). In addition, as one <br>
possible linking quality, the editors argue that all the analyses in the book <br>draw upon two general assumptions: (1) that the media are highly diversified <br>organs of dissemination that incorporate a range of distinctive material <br>
qualities that shape their particular practices of production and reception; and <br>(2) that there is a clear distinction between 'mediality' in the sense of <br>abstract and material dissemination and 'modality' (p. 14). Besides, another <br>
quality that all the chapters share, to a greater or lesser extent, is that <br>their authors are ''variously interested not only in how the media 'represents' <br>language-related issues but also how media policy and practices with respect to <br>
language are central to the very construction of what we all (experts or <br>otherwise) think language is, could or ought to be like'' (p. 4). <br><br>The book is divided into four parts: (1) ''Metaphors and meanings'' (chapters 2-4) <br>
deals with language issues within the scope of print media in the UK and US. (2) <br>''National identities, citizenship and globalization'' (chapters 5-7) also <br>addresses print media but with an emphasis on three language ideological debates <br>
in non-English speaking, western European countries: Germany, Sweden and <br>Luxembourg. (3) ''Contact and codeswitching in multilingual mediascapes'' <br>(chapters 8-10) addresses multilingualism in the context of broadcast media <br>
(radio and television). Finally, (4) ''Youth, gender and cyber-identities'' <br>(chapters 11-13) studies issues of new media use (the Internet) by the young. <br>The book ends with a final essay by Adam Jaworski in which he comments on the <br>
issues addressed in the book and on media discourse in general. <br><br>The first part is devoted to metaphors and meanings. Chapter 2 (''Metaphors for <br>speaking and writing in the British press'', p. 25-47, by J. Heywood and E. <br>
Semino) focuses on metaphors as used in the press to refer to acts of <br>communication: ''communication tends to be metaphorically constructed in terms of <br>physical scenarios involving concrete objects and physical actions'' (p. 45). <br>
However, the number of these metaphors is (surprisingly) small, that is, there <br>is quite a limited range of metaphors that the authors draw upon. As such, they <br>represent a rather simplistic form of communication. Besides, the analysis shows <br>
how the authors tend to use metaphorical expressions which have a more dramatic <br>or sensationalist connotation. <br><br>In chapter 3 (''Journalistic constructions of Blair's 'apology' for the <br>intelligence leading to the Iraq war'', p. 48-69) L. Jeffries analyzes to what <br>
extent authors of print media (The Guardian and The Observer) attempt to <br>influence the quality of readers' interpretations in the domain of <br>language-related issues and in the specific context of political disputes around <br>
the decision to invade Iraq. The main theoretical framework used is pragmatics <br>and speech act theory (surprisingly treated by the editors as different <br>theoretical frameworks), which are particularly suitable approaches to address <br>
the most recurrent speech act after the invasion: the apology. <br><br>Chapter 4 (''Crises of meaning: personalist language ideology in US media <br>discourse'', p. 70-88, by J.H. Hill) continues the analysis of print media, <br>
specifically US media and blogosphere, a recent but now popular scenario of <br>contestation, where people can ask politicians whether they meant what they said <br>in their speeches and debates. <br><br>With chapter 5 (''The iconography of orthography: representing German spelling <br>
reforms in the news magazine Der Spiegel'', p. 91-110, by S. Johnson) Part II <br>(National identities, citizenship and globalization) starts. As was mentioned <br>above, this part deals with language and ideology in non-English speaking <br>
European countries. In the first chapter of this part, Johnson describes the <br>verbal-visual interface of German spelling, that is, how the discussions and <br>disputes on the reform of German spelling was visually portrayed in the magazine <br>
Der Spiegel (on 14 October 1996). Logically, multimodality and discourse <br>analysis are brought into the study and for this purpose Kress and Leeuwen's <br>(2006) book offers a good framework to draw on, with interesting conclusions on <br>
the relationship between national identities, ideology and language. The author <br>shows how ''the Spiegel image draws on a wide range of meaning-making strategies <br>in relation to the representation of social actors, modality and image <br>
composition that simultaneously position the intended viewer as both detached <br>onlooker and actively participating subject in this debate'' (p. 107). <br><br>Chapter 6 (''A language ideology in print: the case of Sweden'', p. 111-129, by <br>
T.M. Milani) continues the analysis of this interplay between language and <br>national identity, with special focus on Swedish print media as a source of <br>ideology construction and dissemination. The focus of the chapter is on the <br>
potential creation of a law requiring a certain level of Swedish from immigrants <br>in their process of naturalization, a law on which there was a heated political <br>and social debate. The textual analysis shows that a premise in this debate is <br>
that immigrants' knowledge of Swedish is deficient because they do not really <br>want to learn the language of the country to which they have decided to move (p. <br>125). <br><br>In chapter 7 (''Global challenges to nationalist ideologies: language and <br>
education in the Luxembourg press'', p. 130-146) K. Horner analyzes the <br>relationship between language and ideology, specifically how print media in <br>Luxembourg produce and reproduce nationalist language ideologies in a scenario <br>
such as a multilingual education system that supposedly favors ''the opportunity <br>to acquire greater amounts of linguistic capital'' (p. 130). The print media in <br>Luxembourg is multilingual, with German as the main language used, but with <br>
texts being also published in French, in the local language and even in English. <br>But the poor results of the country in the PISA report have fueled a number of <br>discussions which (re)produce ideologies of a nationalist quality. <br>
<br>Chapter 8 (''Corsican on the airwaves: media discourse in a context of minority <br>language shift'', p. 149-172, by A. Jaffe) is the beginning of Part III (Contact <br>and codeswitching in multilingual mediascapes). As a general aim of the chapter, <br>
the author explores the way that the media are involved in the public <br>construction of languages, with ''a focus on the creative, constitutive role of <br>media practices and representations vis-à-vis the languages/codes of the <br>
community, the audiences/identities/publics indexed by those languages, and the <br>way that language and identity are assumed to be connected'' (p. 150). More <br>specifically, the chapter deals with formal and informal Corsican language in <br>
the news and how this language resists the pressure of hegemonic French. In the <br>context of minority languages, the chapter correctly conveys the depth of the <br>debate on what counts as proper language use and the extent of language shift. <br>
<br>In chapter 9 ('''When Hector met Tom Cruise': attitudes to Irish in a radio <br>satire'', p. 173-187) H. Kelly-Holmes and D. Atkinson continue the analysis of <br>these issues, since Irish is also under the pressure of an hegemonic language in <br>
broadcast media. But this time it is fictional data that are analyzed, <br>specifically fictional dialogues in a satirical radio show. <br><br>Chapter 10 (''Dealing with linguistic difference in encounters with Others on <br>
British television'', p. 188-210, by S. Gieve and J. Norton) addresses how <br>interactions in a foreign language are portrayed in English television. It is <br>surprising for the authors that the number of interactions between English TV <br>
presenters and foreign counterparts is either minimized, or distorted, or are <br>even suppressed under the need to entertain a mainly English-speaking audience. <br>One of the consequences is that native English speakers will tend to avoid <br>
learning a foreign language, since so few foreign interactions are actually <br>portrayed. Indeed, since foreign people are ridiculously portrayed in the media <br>as incapable of speaking English properly, a possible consequence is that this <br>
portrayal may ''make attempting communication across linguistic difference seem <br>to be something to be avoided, as it is made to appear that attempts to <br>communicate across linguistic difference are hazardous and potentially <br>
embarrassing. Just as foreign language speakers' attempts to speak English are a <br>cause for our own amusement, we would be exposing ourselves to similar ridicule'' <br>(p. 208). <br><br>Chapter 11 (''Fabricating youth: new-media discourse and the technologization of <br>
young people'', p. 213-233, by C. Thurlow) is the first one in Part IV, devoted <br>to how the young use language in the context of new media such as the Internet. <br>Thurlow studies the use of several typical communication resources such as text <br>
messaging, email and instant messaging and how this kind of communication is <br>portrayed in newspapers. Several themes appear frequently: (a) the young as <br>compulsive consumers or victims of these technologies; (b) the young as failing <br>
to use language properly in new media; and (3) the young as widening the <br>generational gap. In short, the chapter addresses general fears concerning <br>language use and the impact of new technologies on different generations of users. <br>
<br>In chapter 12 (''Dreaming of Genie: language, gender difference and identity on <br>the web'', p. 234-249) D. Cameron explores language use in blogs, specifically <br>responses to an interactive software called ''Gender Genie''. <br>
<br>The last chapter of this Part, chapter 13 (''Of chords, machines and bumble-bees: <br>the metalinguistics of hyperpoetry'', p. 250-268, by A. Ensslin), addresses <br>hyperpoetry and the role of computer programming in generating innovative texts. <br>
Ensslin introduces the term ''aesthetic metalanguage'' that goes beyond current <br>sociolinguistic understandings of metalanguage and into a more appropriate <br>environment of fictional reality and decentralized authorship (i.e. within an <br>
increasing role of machines in text generation). <br><br>Lastly, chapter 14 (''Language in the media: authenticity and othering'', p. <br>271-280, by A. Jaworski) is outside the four Parts. The author reviews and <br>
summarizes the issues dealt with in the previous chapters on language in the <br>media while, at the same time, providing personal insights on what unites the <br>chapters (basically how language use in the media is metadiscursively <br>
ideologized and a concern with authenticity). <br><br>EVALUATION <br>The book ''Language in the Media'' explores language in different media but, <br>unlike my initial impression, it exhibits several underlying linking qualities <br>
that give the book a desirable level of coherence, which is also enhanced <br>formally by the fact that there is only one bibliographical section at the end <br>of the book. The book is not the typical book on language and the media, since <br>
it focuses on very specific and ideology-connoted aspects of the relationship of <br>language and media, but at the same time it will no doubt draw the attention of <br>readers from a wide range of research perspectives, including pragmatics, <br>
(critical) discourse analysis, ethnological approaches, etc. As such, the book <br>is invaluable and no doubt offers interesting insights in a field on which so <br>much has been published already. <br><br>REFERENCES <br>
Kress, G. and T. Van Leeuwen (2006) _Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual <br>Design_ (2nd edition). London: Routledge. <br><br>ABOUT THE REVIEWER <br>Francisco Yus teaches linguistics and pragmatics at the University of Alicante, <br>
Spain. His main research interests are media discourses (his 1995 PhD was on the <br>pragmatics of British comics), verbal irony, humor and misunderstandings from a <br>pragmatic point of view, especially from the relevance-theoretic approach to <br>
human communication (on which he has published the book _Cooperación y <br>Relevancia: Dos Aproximaciones Pragmáticas a la Interpretación_, 1997). He has <br>published several books and articles on these subjects, including books on the <br>
pragmatics of Internet communication and on the discourse of comics.</div>
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