Dear Mostari,<br><br>It is very likely that that the sound of a word is a strong predictors of grammatical gender in the L2 case, because that's how gender assignment works for native speakers of many languages --e.g. Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, German, Polish, German, and Arabic, among others. It's particularly interesting that words ending in /a/ are (more often than not) feminine in a bunch of unrelated languages, such as Portugese and Arabic. The sound of a word is not the only predictor of gender for any of these languages. There are always exceptions -- Spanish has very few, while German has many-- but the sound of a word and natural gender (i.e. using masculine for biological males) are usually the best two predictors of gender assignment. There is a very large literature on this. See some references attached. <br>
<br>In the bilingual case, there are various possibilities for assigning gender to nouns based on phonological shape. Words can be assigned gender based on the gender that a word would have if it were an L1 word (e.g. astuce would be masculine if it were an Arabic word), the known gender of the word in the L2 (astuce is feminine in French), the gender that a word would have in the L2 if it were regular (are most French words ending in -s masculine or feminine? --I don't know without looking this up in a corpus), or the gender of the translational equivalent in the L1.<br>
<br>See in particular the interesting paper by Benchiba on gender
assignment when code switching between Morrocan Arabic and English. French-Arabic code-switching might be evern harder to disentangle, because both French and Arabic have grammatical gender (while English does not), so predictions based on various hypotheses will overlap considerably.<br>
<br>I hope this is helpful!<br><br>Dick Schmidt<br><br><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sun, May 17, 2009 at 7:58 AM, mostari hind <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:hmostari@yahoo.com">hmostari@yahoo.com</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;" valign="top">
<br><font face="Calibri" size="3">dear all , <br>I am awfully sorry because I wrote the contrary of what I meant: the speaker states :<br><b>dak l'astuce</b> instead of <b>dik l'astuce</b> because astuce is a feminine word but for the speaker it sounds more masculine and here we cannot speak of translation, so what do you think so ? <br>
can we really speak about phonological sonority , ie , using the speaker's feeling of what words sounds like ? <br>all the best <br>Mostari <br> </font><br><br></td></tr></tbody></table><br>
</blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Richard Schmidt<br>Professor, Department of Second Language Studies (SLS) and<br>Director, National Foreign Language Resource Center (NFLRC)<br>The University of Hawaii at Manoa<br>