<h1>“I love thee dearly, my Dutch language!”</h1>
<div class="date">
<p>July 27, 2009 </p></div>
<p><strong>Ik heb u lief, mijn nederlands! - I love thee dearly, my Dutch language!</strong><br>By Hennie Reuvers, <a href="http://www.petericepudding.com/dutch.htm"><font color="#2255aa">original article</font></a></p>
<p>Long ago, my family and I spent our Easter holidays on the Spanish island of Majorca. One of my little sons suddenly asked an interesting question: “Why are we speaking Dutch in Spain?” He thought we should have changed languages immediately after our arrival in Majorca, and he couldn’t accept that everyone there knew Spanish except us.</p>
<p>His question made me ponder: where else in the world besides the Netherlands and Flanders do people speak Dutch as their main language?</p>
<p>Fragments of an old folk song leapt into my mind …</p>
<blockquote>
<p>O Nederland, geef me rijst met kouseband - O Netherlands, give me rice with butter beans</p></blockquote>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><img class="aligncenter" title="Children in the Caribbean" height="248" alt="Children in the Caribbean" src="http://crossroadsmag.eu/images/2009/feature/Dutch/caribkids.jpg" width="310" align="baseline" border="0"></p>
<p><strong>Let’s begin with the former Dutch colonies “in the West”</strong>. On the small isles of Sint Maarten, Saba and Sint Eustatius in the Caribbean sea, Dutch is the official language, although everybody speaks English most of the day. On the larger islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, the colloquial language is Papiamento, but most people speak Dutch as well. Until recently, Dutch was the only official language there. In Suriname, too, most people use two languages: besides Dutch, they speak Sranan Tongo (an African dialect) or Hindi-Urdu or Malay or some other language, depending on their ethnic descent. Over the centuries, Suriname has become a medley of languages: “Mi lobi joe, Paramaribo” means “I love you, Paramaribo”.</p>
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<p><strong><br>In the former Dutch East-Indies</strong>, nowadays Indonesia, many elderly people still speak Dutch, but the everyday language is Malay. The Malay language has absorbed a lot of Dutch words in a somewhat corrupted form: belasting (taxes), gratis, kantor (office), kwitansi (receipt), loket (ticket booth), oma (granny), tanpasta (tooth paste), etc. Singer Wieteke van Dort, among others, who grew up in Surabaya, but moved to the Netherlands in 1956 at the age of 13, keeps alive our memories of ”tempo doeloe”, the “good old days in ‘Indië’”.</p>
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<p><strong>In much older former Dutch colonies such as Ceylon (Sri Lanka) or Pernambuco (in Brazil)</strong>, Dutch loanwords have been even more corrupted. But “burgher” is still a well-known word in Sri Lanka. And everybody has heard of New York City’s district of Brooklyn, whose original name used to be Breukelen at the time of Dutch rule.</p>
<p>However, there is one Dutch former colony where a form of Dutch has been the mother tongue for many people for the past four centuries: <strong>South Africa</strong>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>O bring my trug na die ou Transvaal, daar waar my Sarie woon - O bring me back to good old Transvaal, there where my Sarie lives</p></blockquote>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><img class="aligncenter" title="Transvaal" height="300" alt="Transvaal" src="http://crossroadsmag.eu/images/2009/feature/Dutch/ossewa.jpg" width="340" align="baseline" border="0"></p>
<p>Now that the Netherlands has qualified for the World Football Championship in South Africa next summer, I see on teletext that the football matches will be played in cities bearing old Dutch names: Johannesburg, Rustenburg, Bloemfontein. These cities lie in the provinces of Transvaal and Oranje Vrijstaat (Orange Free State) and were founded in the 19th century by the Boers of Dutch descent who had trekked from the original coastal colony on ox-wagons.</p>
<p>Until the early 20th century, the Boers stood firm, under the leadership of president Paul Kruger, against the English “roiineks (rednecks)”.</p>
<p>If the Netherlands doesn’t stand firm in the football championships, we can also cheer for the South African team, whose leading midfielder Steven Pienaar bears a Boer surname.</p>
<p>Dutch children are taught at school that the first language of millions of South Africans is Afrikaans, a daughter language of Dutch. As a child, I learnt songs in Afrikaans, such as, “My Sarie Marais”, “Bobbejaan” and “Ossewa”, a song about the ox-wagons used by the Boers to trek to Transvaal. In old children reading books, the little gnomes (“kabouters”) Puk and Muk are seen hopping around in the fields of “Uncle Paul and Aunt Sarie”, and climbing over South African mountains called “Drakensberge” (Dragon mountains).</p>
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<p>We also learnt how our language came to South Africa: in 1652 the Dutch man Jan van Riebeeck founded Cape Colony, the Dutch colony near the Cape of Good Hope which was to become Cape Town.</p>
<p>There are even more speakers of Afrikaans in the Cape Province and in Namibia than in Transvaal and Oranje Vrijstaat. Nowadays, less than half of the speakers of Afrikaans are white. This means that a great many black communities are now speaking a language derived from Dutch. </p>
<p><strong>In some villages in Germany</strong>, people speak a language that sounds almost Dutch. <a href="http://ingeb.org/Lieder/nachostw.mid"><font color="#2255aa">Just listen</font></a> (midi file):</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Nach Ostland wollen wir reiten - It’s to Eastland we wish to ride</p></blockquote>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><img class="aligncenter" title="Low German" height="297" alt="Low German" src="http://crossroadsmag.eu/images/2009/feature/Dutch/nederduits.jpg" width="460" align="baseline" border="0"></p>
<p>My mother-in-law, Else, was born in Germany, near Oldenburg. Her own mother died when she was eleven. In those years around 1920, many girls from the north of Germany emigrated to work in “rich Holland”. Else was luckier: she was adopted by a good family in the neighbouring Dutch province of Groningen. She could go to school in the local village on the day of her arrival. Language was hardly an obstacle, because the same dialect was spoken on both sides of the border between the Netherlands and Germany. However, Else must have said at least one strange word, because her classmates remarked: “Dat wicht zegt tegen neus van Nase - That child says Nase instead of nose”. But my mother-in-law could sing a song her classmates knew as well: “Naar Oostland willen wij rijden - It’s to Eastland we wish to ride”. In the middle ages, these Eastland riders brought the languages of Low Germany and Holland all the way to Russia!</p>
<p>As a matter of fact, the dialects spoken in northern Germany strongly resemble Dutch. This holds true for the dialects of Low German, to the north of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benrath_line"><font color="#2255aa">Benrath Line</font></a>, separating the maken-machen isogloss.</p>
<p>The map above, which marks all dialect groups of Dutch and Low German, also shows that the people of Kerkrade in South Limburg speak, of old, a dialect of High German!</p>
<p>Maastricht lies on the “Low” side of the Benrath Line, but at the “High” side of the Uerding Line, which separates “ik” (I) from “ich”.</p>
<p>According to the map, the Frisian tongue spoken in Leeuwarden and surroundings is a separate Germanic language.</p>
<p>People living in the east of the Netherlands can communicate in their own dialects with their German neighbours across the border, without any problems. However, dialects in northern Germany have gradually been replaced by <a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-high-german.htm"><font color="#2255aa">standardised German</font></a>, which is used at school and in the media. Likewise, many Dutch dialects are slowly making room for Standard Dutch. So country borders are ever more becoming language boundaries as well.</p>
<p>As to language boundaries… There is a language border in Belgium, our southern neighbour, that is weighing upon the country like the legendary millstone around the neck of the steed Bayard.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>‘t Ros Beyaert doet de ronde in de stad van Dendermonde - The steed Bayard goes around in the town of Dendermonde</p></blockquote>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><img class="aligncenter" title="The steed Bayard" height="298" alt="The steed Bayard" src="http://crossroadsmag.eu/images/2009/feature/Dutch/bayard.jpg" width="460" align="baseline" border="0"></p>
<p><strong>In Belgium</strong>, the language boundary between Flemish Dutch and Walloon French runs from east to west across the middle of the country. From the time of the birth of Belgium as a state in 1830 until the 1960s, the language barrier was also linked to social ranking: French was the language of high society.</p>
<p>Nowadays Dutch and French speakers are still engaged in a bitter fight for every inch of the physical language boundary and for every comma in the corresponding documents. This especially applies to the area around Brussels, which has become almost French speaking. Will the country, like Bayard, rise above the water up to three times and finally perish?</p>
<p>Formerly, the language boundary used to stretch all the way to the French coast, so that Dunkirk and its neighbouring towns spoke Flemish. But some sign boards on the beach would read: “Interdit de parler Flamand” – Forbidden to speak Flemish.</p>
<p>Nowadays, speaking the local Flemish dialect in French Flanders is no more than a hobby for amateurs.</p>
<p>But is Flemish similar to common Dutch? Yes and no. Flemish writers often win Dutch literature prizes, and Flemish contestants often win the national Dutch spelling competition. But Flemish television channels subtitle the Amsterdam police series Baantjer … in Dutch!</p>
<p>As for me, I can immediately hear whether a television presenter speaks Flemish or Dutch, because of the differences in accent, sentence structure and choice of words. Dutch people don’t immediately understand what Flemish politician Kris Peeters means when he says “I won’t let people play with my feet”. A Dutchman would say “I won’t let people take me for a fool”.</p>
<p>Originally however, the Flemish and Dutch languages both stem from the same Frankish branch of the Dutch and Low German language families. We learnt at school that three Germanic tribes occupied “our country” after the Roman era: the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons. (See map below.) In the fifth and sixth centuries, many Frisians, Saxons, Angles and Jutes crossed the sea from the coast in the north of “the lowlands of Germania” to the island that was to become the new ‘land of the Angles’ - England.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>It is a long way to Tipperary, it is a long way to go</p></blockquote>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><img class="aligncenter" title="Anglo-saxons" height="315" alt="Anglo-saxons" src="http://crossroadsmag.eu/images/2009/feature/Dutch/anglo_saxons.jpg" width="460" align="baseline" border="0"></p>
<p>It’s quite a long way to Tipperary in Ireland, so the Anglo-Saxons only got to England. But their language is now spoken all over the world.To which degree is English still akin to Frisian and Low German?<br><strong><br>
Frisian and English form a separate branch of the family of West-Germanic languages</strong>. The Legend goes that the Frisian pirate Greate Pier, around the year 1500, checked whether a captive was a real Frisian by asking him to repeat after him: “buter, brea en griene tsies”. This sounds exactly the same as “butter, bread and green cheese”, and it also means the same, so a modern Englishman would come out of this test alive.</p>
<p>The English language underwent many influences in the course of history, successively of Celtic British, Latin, Norse and Danish, French, and many other languages. And Dutch underwent many influences, too. But the kernels of English and Dutch are still closely akin: If a tourist from Holland says in England “‘t Is een lange weg tot Tipperary”, English people will probably understand him. However, if he recklessly says at breakfast that he wants “boter, brood en groene kaas”, the landlord might jokingly gesture, like Greate Pier, that the head of this tourist should be cut off!</p>
<p>How many people in the world speak Dutch today? Apart from the 16 million Dutch speakers in the Netherlands, there are six million Flemish speakers and six million speakers of Afrikaans. If we take into account the total amount of Dutch speakers in the former colonies in the West and East, there are altogether about 29 million of people who speak Dutch around the world.</p>
<p>But who cares? If we keep trying a bit harder, we will all eventually understand each other … in English!</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Pak al je zorgen in je plunjezak en fluit, fluit, fluit ! - Pack all your worries into your kit bag and whistle a song !</p></blockquote>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><img class="aligncenter" title="Puk and Muk" height="228" alt="Puk and Muk" src="http://crossroadsmag.eu/images/2009/feature/Dutch/pukenmuk.jpg" width="460" align="baseline" border="0"></p>
<p>By Hennie Reuvers</p>
<p><em><br><a href="mailto:info@petericepudding.com"><font color="#2255aa">Dr Reuvers</font></a> (1951) is a retired teacher of mathematics from Maastricht. He likes to solve math problems, but is also interested in history. He is married and the father of four children. Visit his website at <a href="http://www.petericepudding.com/"><font color="#2255aa">http://www.petericepudding.com</font></a></em></p>
<p><strong>Sources: </strong></p>
<div>1. WINKLER PRINS Encyclopedie and Wikipedia under (Dutch equivalents of) Papiamento, Sranan Tongo, Dutch in Indonesia, Afrikaans, Paul Kruger, Jan van Riebeeck, Nederduits (Low German), Benrather Linie, Frisian, Belgium, Dunkirk, Anglo-Saxons, Pier Gerlofs Donia, etc.<br>
2. Groot VAN DALE Leenwoordenboek, Nicoline van der Sijs, van Dale Utrecht/Antwerpen 2005 (This is a Dutch dictionary of loanwords, with an article on the exact differences between Low German and High German.)<br>3. Puk en Muk door Afrika 1, Frans Fransen, RK het Jongensweeshuis Tilburg 1952 (This is a Dutch reading book for children.)<br>
4. Some of the songs I took fragments from, to place them above the pictures:<br>* My Sarie Marais: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7c83DqE9WY"><font color="#2255aa">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7c83DqE9WY</font></a> (Jim Reeves sings the song, and the Dutch lyrics appear in the same video.)<br>
* Naar Oostland: <a href="http://ingeb.org/songs/naarostl.html"><font color="#2255aa">http://ingeb.org/songs/naarostl.html </font></a>(On this page you find a midi-file of this song, and the Dutch lyrics of it. It’s to Eastland we wish to ride, for in Eastland there is a better place for us to live. )<br>
* Tipperary:<a href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/itsalongwaytotipperary.htm"><font color="#2255aa"> http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/itsalongwaytotipperary.htm</font></a> (there are links on this page to three singers who sing the song, and the lyrics in English. It’s a long way to Tipperary, to the sweetest girl I know.)<br>
5. Some more of the songs I took fragments can be found at <a href="http://www.liedjeskist.nl/liedjesthema/themablad.htm"><font color="#2255aa">at http://www.liedjeskist.nl/liedjesthema/themablad.htm </font></a><br>(This is a box containing the Dutch lyrics of many songs, and the staff notation of the music of these songs. If you don’t mind downloading QuickTime, you can even hear the music by clicking on the staff notation.)<br>
It includes:<br>* Under B: Bobbejaan klim die berg (Bobbejaan climbs the mountain to fight the Rooinek.)<br>* Under P: Pak al je zorgen in je plunjezak (Pack all your worries into your kit bag and whistle a song. Why should you worry if it doesn’t help you anyway?)<br>
* Under R: ‘t Ros Beiaard (The steed Bayard carries the four sons of Aymon on its back in the Frankish epic about these ‘vier Heemskinderen’ who fought Charlemagne.)<br>* Under R: Ry maar an, ossewa (Ride steadily on, ox wagon, my darling is waiting by the path to Ouweland.)<br>
* Under S: Sarie Marais (My Sarie Marais is so far from my heart, but I hope to see her again. She lived in the village next the river Mooirivier, before the war began.)<br>* Under W: Waar de blanke top der duinen - Ik heb u lief mijn Nederland (Where the white tops of the dunes are shining in the glow of the sun - I love thee dearly, my Netherlands.)<br>
6. Suriname national anthem: <a href="http://www.surimaribonet.com/volkslied.html"><font color="#2255aa">http://www.surimaribonet.com/volkslied.html</font></a> (The anthem is sung, and the Dutch and Sranan Tongo lyrics appear in the same video.)<br>
7. Wieteke van Dort as aunty Lien from “good old Dutch East India”:<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vm5JcdHgew&feature=related"><font color="#2255aa"> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vm5JcdHgew&feature=related</font></a> (Aunty Lien sings a wistful song whose Dutch lyrics appear in the same video. It’s about the Hague as the ‘widow of Indië’)<br>
8. “O Nederland, geef mij rijst met kouseband; wat moet ik anders eten in dit koude kikkerland? - O Netherlands, give me rice with butter beans; what else should I eat in this cold frogland?” I’m sorry I couldn’t find this merry little song of Max Woiski jr on the internet.<br>
But I did find <a href="http://pieterinsuriname.wordpress.com/2008/07/09/mi-lobi-joe-mi-sweet-paramaribo/"><font color="#2255aa">http://pieterinsuriname.wordpress.com/2008/07/09/mi-lobi-joe-mi-sweet-paramaribo/</font></a>.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><a href="http://crossroadsmag.eu/2009/07/dutchlanguage/">http://crossroadsmag.eu/2009/07/dutchlanguage/</a><br clear="all"></div>
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