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<h4><a class="active" href="http://eastwest-review.com/article/yanukovich-and-mines-language-issue"><font color="#1111cc">Yanukovich and the mines of the language issue</font></a></h4>
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<p align="justify">During 5 years of Yushchenko being president sociologists used to inform the language issue wasn’t the priority for Ukrainian citizens. But the first week of Viktor Yanukovich in office has proved it wrong – the language issue stays as one of the most painful problems of the country’s social being. On 5th of March, during his first visit to Moscow, Viktor Yanukovich promised he wouldn’t postpone the adoption of statutes aimed to protect the rights of Russian-speaking population of the Ukraine. “We’ll adopt all the necessary laws. I promise to the Ukrainian people to implement this program decision. The issue will be settled in the nearest future”, Yanukovich stated at the press-conference in Kremlin on Friday answering the question about solving the problem of protection of Russian language in the Ukraine.</p>
<h3>Disequilibrium in language policy</h3>
<p align="justify"><a href="http://eastwest-review.com/sites/default/files/950023_1.jpg"><img title="950023" style="BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 10px 0px 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px" height="244" alt="950023" src="http://eastwest-review.com/sites/default/files/950023_thumb_1.jpg" width="244" align="left" border="0"></a> A few days later, during the ceremony of awarding Shevchenko national prizes in Kaniv at Chernecha Hora, on 169th anniversary of birth of Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko, Viktor Yanukovich said that “the Ukrainian language as the only official language will be developed in the Ukraine”. This statement caused immediately the surge of accusations against Yanukovich of deceit of his voters, and what is symptomatic, from the pro-Timoshenko and pro-Yushchenko biased mass media. Moreover, they omitted Yanukovich’s mentioning that the disequilibrium in language policy created by the previous government has resulted in humiliation and infringement of rights of Russian-speaking citizen and representatives of other nationalities in the Ukraine, as well as and the statement that “all these facts are to be mended and considered in the language policy and in the process of implementation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages as well”.</p>
<p align="justify">But to imagine the problems of language issue one should look into the history of the matter. The law “On Languages in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic” that regulates at the present day the language functioning in the Ukraine was adopted as early as 1989 at 10th session of Verkhovna Rada of the second convocation. It was presented by a leader of Ukrainian Communistic party, a poet Boris Oleynik; the suggestion of promoting the Ukrainian language as the state language was made by Dmytro Pavlychko, who said: “We must save the Ukrainian language along with the idea of socialism, because where the nation is perishing, the socialism is perishing all together. We must remember that bilingual society isn’t common in the world practice”.</p>
<p align="justify">Moreover, according to Article 10 of the Ukrainian Constitution, the Ukrainian language is the state language of the Ukraine. It’s not a secret today, that it was Bohdan Futei, a judge of Federal Court for Washington, D.C., as well as Katerina Chumachenko’s associate at Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, Anti-Bolshevic Bloc of Nations, and World Anti-Communist League, who, as one of the authors of Consitution of Ukraine of 1996, proposed that norm. Though, it’s hardly remembered today that the next paragraph in the same article guarantees the free development, use and protection of Russian language and Article 24 prohibits restrictions based on linguistic characteristics.</p>
<p align="justify">The point is that at that time neither communists, nor national-patriots held constitutional majority to adopt their draft for Constitution; the present variant became a compromise between them at the time when Leonid Kuchma threatened to dismiss the Parliament. In 1991-1996 the Ukraine tried to change the Constitution of Ukrainian SSR by adjusting it to a new economical and political reality and implementing numerous amendments. The Ukraine was the last of 15 former Soviet republics that presented its new constitution in June 1996. The new constitution was adopted during one night, when the parliament faced the threat of constitutional referendum aimed at parliament’s submission to president Leonid Kuchma. President Kuchma had planned to submit the proposal of presidential government to the popular discussion. The hottest discussion was caused on the issues of language, state symbols, state structure (the issue of Crimea’s status), division of powers between president and parliament.</p>
<p align="justify">In order to get constitutional majority, the delegates adopted the most controversial issues – of Ukrainian state symbols, the Ukrainian language as the state language (along with protection of Russian language) and of Crimea’s status – as a package. The serious protection for the first chapter of constitution which contains the article about language was also provided, with impossibility of changing it by mere two-thirds of votes. A complicated procedure is needed to the extent of submitting the changes to all-Ukrainian referendum.</p>
<p align="justify">That’s why a political power, which doesn’t hold the constitutional majority, isn’t able to change constitutional norm about common state language. During his election campaign Yanukovich promised to implement European Charter for regional languages. On February 15th at his interview to 1st Channel he stated that “on the territory of the Ukraine there will be implemented European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Russian language will be used at the territories populated by Russian-speaking citizens without limitations”.</p>
<h3>Charter for Regional languages and the protection of Russian language</h3>
<p align="justify">However, the hidden reefs wait for the president here as well. The point is that the Charter was ratified but very selectively: only 35 articles and paragraphs, and only those norms were selected, which guarantee the language rights of Russian-speaking population to the minimal extent, even “in the areas of compact settlement of language speakers”. If to study thoroughly the ratification of the charter by the Ukraine and to compare it with the Charter itself, one can notice that the Ukraine had cut out almost all the paragraphs from Article 8, which obliges the government to provide the education in regional languages from preschool to college level. Instead, there are only those paragraphs left, according to which the families are to ask permission to create a single class (or a group) with teaching in the respective regional language, with the condition that the number of such children should be enough for that. Ergo, the parents, if they are not supported by government, have to create some formal or informal organization at first, which is to prove that the number of their children is enough to create, say, a class with teaching in Russian language.</p>
<p align="justify">All meaningful paragraphs in the other articles of Section 3 of the Charter are omitted the same way; these are the paragraphs concerning the use of regional languages in court procedures, administrative authorities, radio and television broadcasting, economical and social life. These articles in Ukrainian version contain only insignificant paragraphs and subparagraphs that doesn’t correspond to real language situation in the country and give rather limited possibility comparing with those, which could be provided to citizen, if the Charter was ratified to a fuller extent. Moreover, the paragraphs of the Section 3 selected for the Ukrainian ratification can’t be implemented automatically without sufficient effort and persistence from the citizen. Thus, the ratification of the Charter doesn’t work by itself.</p>
<p align="justify">According to the Charter, the guarantees for protection of the language spoken by a few score of people and the language spoken by millions of people can’t be equal, they differ. The law on ratification of the Charter should provide the maximum protection for Russian language as the language used everywhere by millions of Ukrainian citizen (at least 30% of population regard Russian as their native language). That means there should be no cancellation of Russian-teaching schools, colleges and day care centres. That also means Russian language should be used freely in economical life and be spoken by all government officers and at legal proceedings alongside with Ukrainian language, because Russian is not a regional language in the Ukraine, but the language spoken by the second – after the Ukrainian – largest language community, with not only ethnic Russians using it.</p>
<p align="justify">Unfortunately, in the Ukraine there’s still an opinion left, which is archaic from the point of view of modern attitude to human rights, that languages are spoken only by the respective ethnic groups. The installation of the Ukrainian language into the education system began with the subsequent objective of leveling the number of schools according to ethnic composition, and not according to the world-acknowledged principle of satisfying the needs of students and parents in the teaching language. And after having reached their objective, the Ukrainian do-gooders went further toward the total replacement of Russian and other minority languages for Ukrainian.</p>
<p align="justify">In September 2008 Yushchenko presented to Verkhovna Rada a draft on changes into the law on ratification of European Charter for regional and minority languages. By using given by the Charter means of support of minority languages, Yushchenko tried to present the Ukrainians of South-East as a language minority and set the conditions for utmost favour of Ukrainian as the state language in the traditionally Russian-speaking communities of South-East region of the country, including the Crimea. Thus, by introducing these amendments he tried to make the Charter, which is aimed to protect the language needs of the citizen, into the tool of realization of his obsession of making the country monolingual and to support the process of ukrainization of the country by the legal base of the Charter.</p>
<p align="justify">The experts form PACE didn’t agree to this; they explained to the reformers that they can’t restrict the rights and freedoms, which were established in the Charter ratified in 2003. But taking into consideration, that the present Law on ratification has its drawbacks and doesn’t protect the rights of millions of citizen, it’s high time to raise a question of revision of the existent Law on ratification the Charter and to seek the Charter’s implementation in full force and effect, or at least as it was proposed by president Kuchma in 1999, as well as to seek the abolition of the law that contravene the Charter. First of all, the discrimination bylaws of Ukrainian Department of Education that violate the constitutional rights to education in national language and to usage of Russian language in court, advertisements etc should be abolished.</p>
<h3>“Language zealots are the greatest danger for the independent Ukraine.”</h3>
<p align="justify">Besides, recent years revealed one more problem. Neither Crimea, nor other south and south-east regions of the Ukraine actually delegate the representatives of their scientific or cultural elite to Verkhovna Rada. The absolute majority of humane studies specialists in Verkhovnyi Sovet represents West Ukraine or Kiev and belongs to nationalistic or national-democratic parties. After the victory of Orange revolution regional politicians use the expectations of their voters and run elections with ideological slogans, but there are few historians, philologists and representatives of other humanities professions among them. For example, of 32 doctors of history in sessions of Verkhovna Rada fifteen are the members of Bloc Yulia Timoshenko, six belong to Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc, and only five represent the Party of Regions. Four more doctors of history belong to Lytvyn Bloc and two – to Communist Party of Ukraine. The same picture is with journalists, writers, other humane studies specialists. And without representatives of their cultural elite they loose the battles concerning arts issues. In spite of the importance of economical, agricultural, industrial sectors, it’s vital for regional politicians to understand that without historical and political scientists, without philosophers, philologists and geographers they won’t be able to stand up for the humanitarian rights of their voters. The present and future development of the Ukraine depends on this. This is a question of mentality, of ideology, of culture and politics, of the safeguarding of the Ukraine, at last.</p>
<p align="justify">A prominent American expert on Ukrainian issues, a professor of Harvard University, an ethnical Ukrainian Roman Shporluk wrote to Moscow News (No. 32 of August 1993): “Millions of people who consider Russian as their native language voted on 1st of December of 1991 for the independence. Hence the citizen whose mother tongue is Ukrainian owe them certain political and moral obligations. If we don’t consider this, if we start dividing the population into “main nation” and “national minorities”, we’ll face very soon the prospect of territorial and ethnic breakup of the Ukraine. Thus, when building a nation, one should take in consideration that Ukrainian people are inherently bilingual. The easiest way to destroy the Ukraine is to start ukrainize non-Ukrainians. Language zealots are the greatest danger for the independent Ukraine.”</p>
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