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<a href="http://corcaighist.blogspot.com/2010/10/future-irish-gaelic-language-gaeilge.html">the end of the line</a>
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There has to come a point when one hangs up their gloves and steps out
of the proverbial boxing-ring that is the classic 'debate' on the
validity and future of our national language, Irish. When one turns off
the lights that focus on the stage and tell everyone to go home, that
the venue is now closed.<br>
<br>
I put the word <i>debate</i> in inverted commas for the reason that any
'debate' with the Irish language as its topic shares much in common with
children fighting over a toy at playschool than any sort of reasoned,
educated and mature discussion of the issues at hand. (You might at this
point think of other 'debates' in political life, not just in Ireland
but across the Western World, that mirror this playschool example, such
as: abortion, gay-marriage, separation of Church and state etc.)<br>
<br>
In my short 25 years I, like us all, have born almost weekly witness to
the sort of unprogressive and fact-void to-ing and fro-ing that has
characterised debates on the appropriate place of the Irish language in
society. And really, enough has to be enough. There has been far too
much banging of heads against brick walls.<br>
<br>
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OhdU6N5hz2M/TMq6wxHL6FI/AAAAAAAABZ8/rDGiAezaaWg/s1600/Gaeltacht_1926.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OhdU6N5hz2M/TMq6wxHL6FI/AAAAAAAABZ8/rDGiAezaaWg/s200/Gaeltacht_1926.jpg" border="0" width="160" height="200"></a>They
say that a picture paints a thousands words. Take a look at the two
pictures below. The first picture shows in green the areas of Ireland
that were recognised as <i>Gaeltachtaí</i> (Irish-speaking areas) by the first <i>Coimisiún na Gaeltachta</i> (Gaeltacht Commission) in 1926. The second shows the areas that were regonised as Gaeltachts in the 2007 study: <i>Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht</i>
(A Comprehensive Linguistic Study of the Usage of Irish in the
Gaeltacht), a study that was undertaken by the University of Galway
[download study in <a href="http://www.pobail.ie/ie/AnGhaeltacht/AnStaidearTeangeolaioch/">Irish</a>, <a href="http://www.pobail.ie/en/AnGhaeltacht/LinguisticStudyoftheGaeltacht/">in English</a>].
The Gaeltacht areas are shaded for percentage of Irish speakers: dark
blue = >67% of residents Irish-speaking; light-blue = 44-67% of
residents Irish-speaking; turquoise = < 44% of residents
Irish-speaking.<br>
<br>
<br>
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I personally believe that these 'debates' on the validity and future of
the language have been overtaken by extremists on both sides. There are
those who are militant in their support to the language, to the point of
being blind to reality. There are also those on the other side who
openly hate the language and attack it at every chance they get. The
problem with this is that these two groups continously hijack the
discussion, driving away all the people in the middle, the people who
form the majority.<br>
<br>
This middle group can be divided into two: those who love the Irish language and want to see it prosper and survive <b>and</b>
(the important point) who actively do something in support of the
language, such as: learning the language, raising children with Irish,
establishing Irish-medium schools, taking-part in activities in Irish in
the community, write in Irish, sing in Irish, and basically do their
part in preserving the language in their everyday life, and that of
their family and community.<br>
<br>
The other part of the middle group (who form the majority of this middle
group, and well as making up the majority of the state) are positive
and warm towards the Irish language. They see it as important for the
cultural identity of the state and are somewhat supportive of official
measures to ensure that it remains as a symbol of the state and her
people, measures such as the provison of Irish-language services, the
status of Irish as a school-subject in the national curriculum. I say <i>somewhat</i>
in the sense that while they support the status of Irish as an official
language of the state and of the European Union, they are less sure
about the how much should be spent on these statuses and other measures
to promote the use ofthe language. In this economic climate, especially,
people are sensitive where the taxpayer's money is spent. I understand
their concerns and they are also my concerns. I am sure that we are all
concerned that our monies are spent in the more effective manner
possible.<br>
<br>
The only problem as concerns the future of the Irish language is that
this majority group, this group in the middle that is warm towards the
language, is not a group that is actively involved in promoting the
laguage, either in their own lives or that of their family and
community. They are content to have Irish as the national and first
official language, content to have their kids study the language at
school, but when it comes to actually using the language at home and in
the community, this is a step too far.<br>
<br>
And that is okay. It is their personal choice and decision as citizens
of a free and democratic country. I believe that I have been guilty of
being overly critical in the past to this majority's decision not to
actively make a place for the language in their lives. And while I don't
like understand their position and I do not like it, I have come to
respect it. However, respect is a two-way street and this majority group
has to respect the decision of the minority to raise their children in
Irish, to demand, as citizens of the state and as speakers of the
national and first official language, Irish-medium education and
Irish-languages services, and to live their life as fully as possibly in
Irish. Just as the majority's decision to live their life in English
has to be respected, so to must the decision of this minority to live
their life in Irish.<br>
<br>
I think we as a people have to come to the sad realisation that the
state is incapable of ensuring the future of the Irish language. Just
take a look at the pictures above to see what has happened to the
Irish-speaking areas in the 80 years since the establishment of the Free
State. What the state has succeed in doing is giving every man woman
and child of the state a minimal proficiency in the language and some
linguistic awareness. The state failed to realise Mícheál Ó Coileáin's
dream of an Irish-speaking state. Indeed, historians and linguists who
have studied the policies of the state have in the recent few years come
to the conclusion that the state never intented to revert the state
language to Irish, but were merely content continuing the status quo,
painting the state green but really not putting in place any concrete
measures to achieve real change and progress.<br>
<br>
But with this realisation that the state can not ensure its future, we
as the people have understood that it is up to us to ensure that the
language survives. Contrary to popular misconception, the Irish language
is one of the healthiest languages in the world. It is a long way from
dying. Studies vary, but of the 6,912 language of the world (<a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/">Ethnologue</a>)
some 50-90% will be extinct between 2050 and 2100. Irish is amongst
that 10% of language that will survive to see the 22nd century. It is up
to see to decide how the language will look at that time.<br>
<br>
The growth of Irish-medium education (to the point that there is now at
least one in every county in Ireland, North and South) is one of the
most positive things to occur to the language in recent years. There are
now more Irish-speakers than there have ever been in the state in all
of the previous 150 years. However, we have to be careful with numbers.
The official government reaction to census figures have done a great
dis-service to the language by inflating the number of speakers, thus
making the language appear stronger than it is. Of the recorded 1.66 m
'Irish-speakers' in the state in 2006, 60% of them stated that they
never or rarely use the language (<a href="http://www.cso.ie/census/census2006results/volume_9/volume_9_press_release.pdf">Census 2006</a>), and it is no secret that the majority of this almost 1 million figure has at best very basic proficiency in the language.<br>
<br>
Of the 485,000 people who use the language on a daily basis <i>within</i>
the education system, almost 30% of all recorded Irish speakers, only a
tiny minority of 32,000 also use the language outside the system.<br>
<br>
Irish-speakers accounted for just under 71% of all people living in
official Irish-speaking areas. Only 36,500 of Irish speakers who living
in the Gaeltacht use the language on a daily basis, only 56.8% of the
total number of Irish speakers in the Gaeltacht. Furthermore, 14,000 of
these used the language only in the education system. Some 19,500 Irish
speakers who live in the Gaeltacht never or rarely use the language.<br>
<br>
This means that just <b>22,500</b> in the whole state live in an <u>official Irish-speaking area</u> and use the language on a <u>daily basis outside the education system</u>.
That is only 25% of all the people living in official Irish-speaking
areas. This means that, while 42% of the state claims some knowledge of
Irish, only <b>half a percent</b> (0.5%) of the state lives in a Gaeltacht and uses the language on a daily basis outside the education system.<br>
<br>
The bleak prediction of the report mentioned above is that, unless
radical action is taken to prevent and reverse language-shift in the
Gaeltacht, Irish will be dead as a community language by 2027. The
Government brouht out its '<a href="http://www.pobail.ie/en/IrishLanguage/file,10104,en.pdf">20-year-plan</a>'
for the Irish language in response to this with the aim to strengthen
the place of the Irish language in the Gaeltacht as well as increase the
number of daily speakers of the language outside the education system
across the state from 72,000 to 250,000 in 20 years. Yes, no typo,
250,000.<br>
<br>
As much as I hope and pray and I just can not see this happening, not
with all the research we have about language-shift, not only in Ireland
but right across the world.<br>
<br>
Expert in the Yiddish langauge in the US, Fishmann's message is that
without Intergenerational transmission a language can not hope to
survive. The sad thing about numbers is that 160 years ago, Irish had
about the same number of speakers as it does now, as recorded by the <a href="http://www.cso.ie/census/census_1926_results/Volume8/C%201926%20VOL%208%20T1,2.pdf">1851 census</a>
(1.48 m). Back then there was no radio, no TV, no internet, no laws
protecting Irish and no place for the Irish language in the state and
the education system. Now we have all this but the difference is that
back then those people were native speakers and they were for the most
part monolingual in Irish. These people spoke Irish as their only
language of communication, it was the language of the family of the
community. Today's speakers have a poor command of the language and do
not use it on a regular basis. English is their mother and default
language and Irish is a poor second or third. (See the graph at the
bottom of post for historical numbers of speakers).<br>
<br>
I am not pessimistic for the future of the Irish language as a language.
It will survive as it always had. It will be supported in some measure
by the official apparatus, it will be learned in schools. However, I am
not optimistic about the future of Irish as a community language. I am
not optimistic about the future of the Gaeltacht.<br>
<br>
The government, upon the state achieving independence should have
forumlated a different language policy for the Gaeltacht areas than for
the rest of the state, something akin to what Belgium or Canada is like
today. The primacy of the Irish language should have been respected in
the areas where Irish was the community and majority language. This
should have involved the education system and economic activities as
well as social and state services. All this should have been monolingual
Irish. In chasing the irrealistic dream of a bilingual Ireland that
stretched across the whole island, and attempting to revive Irish in
areas where it had then recently died out or where it had never been
spoken (Dublin), it lost what it already had. Ireland was already
bilingual. One part spoken only Irish, the rest only English. It could
and should have worked. The government failed, not only in reviving
Irish in English-speaking areas but in protecting Irish where it was
already spoken. The maps above document the amazing cock-up that the
governments of this state have made down through the decades. But more
than that, much worse in fact, is the amazing cock-up that the Irish
people allowed happen.<br>
<br>
It was not the Brits and and it was not the Irish government and it was
not the education system that failed the Irish language. It was the
people themselves that failed the language. In the 1926 census, the
first one post-independence, there were over 500,000 Irish speakers,
some 17% of the state, the vast majority native speakers, and most
monolingual. Some 80 years later, 80 years of independence, all across
the state, it is not possible to get even 100,000 daily speakers.<br>
<br>
It was the people of Ireland themselves that turned their back on the
language. Disenfranchised, lacking job-oppurtunities, living with the
reality of rural povery the prospect of economic (em)migration to
economically-progressive English-speaking areas at home and abroad they
turned their back on the language. Who could blame them? The majority
did not give the minority the freedom to control its own economic and
linguistic destiny.<br>
<br>
We need to accept that fact if we are to move on. We need to accept that
disgrace and we need to learn from it. We need to work together, all
those non-extremists, those people who love and use the language, and
those who respect but don't use it. We need to work together for the
language so that it survives and grows, to recover that ground that has
been lost through neglect and indifference.<br>
<br>
And we do that by respecting each other's decisions. We do that by
allowing all the schools of the Gaeltacht to teach in Irish, by allowing
Irish-medium outside the Gaeltacht to grow, for people to raise their
kids in Irish and get services in Irish, both in state bodies and in
private businesses. It is a personal decision, not something that is
forced from above.<br>
<br>
And we allow those who wish not to use Irish to do what they see fit.
And if we are to be a bilingual nation we have to realise that that
means you should be able to live all (or the majority of) your life in
one language alone, should you chose, be it Irish or English.
Irish-speakers shouldn't feel wrong for speaking the language in the
presence of non-speakers. A compromise has to be found so that the Irish
language has its own space and the English language has its own space.
Right now only one of those two has its own space. <br>
<br>
The state has to recognise both language as having the same status. Both
languages should be a 'national and first' language. I am tired by
theis confusion over Irish being the naional and first language and yet
being absent in so many domains. Not even the two versions of the
consitution agree on the place of the two official languages. It seems
that idealistically the language has great status but in practice has
none. What the language needs is legislation that allows Irish-speakers
the right to use Irish in their everyday life and in those domains that
matter to them. So far, official bilingualism has not been kind at all
to the language. Road-signs, declarations, status and Irish as a subject
in schools has done nothing to stop the language-shift on the ground in
the Gaeltacht. How does the government re-act? By making road-signs
Irish-only in the Gaeltacht. It misses the point by so much that it
would be terribly funny but for the fact that it's terribly depressing.<br>
<br>
Irish needs to claim domains of use, and it needs to be allowed to do so
and encouraged even. We need to see more street presence for the
language. But, the only way that will happen is if people (that 42% of
the state) really take the trouble to (re-)learn it and use it, and make
a place for it in their everyday life, be it in the shops, at work, at
the gym, or at home with the kids. We need to hear it and we need to see
it and only then will we start to see some positive change for the
language. If the 42% actually did more than tick a census box every 4 to
6 years then things might improve. I hope but right now all these
official declarations and plans look like a load of hot air. They would
power a million balloons but they are not going to power a million
people to speak the language. <br>
<br>
We have to realise that no law will preserve the language. Only the mouths of the children yet unborn can do that.<br>
<br>
<u>Please consider this my last post on the sociolinguistics of the Irish language</u>.<br>
<br>
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Number
of Irish speakers throughout history based on census returns,
post-1850, and on other historical account previous to that. The green
line indicates number of natives pre-independence and approx. number of
native and fluent speakers togther post-independence. The blue line
indicates total number of returned speakers (natives and larger
second-language speakers).
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