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<h1 class="print-title">Bilingualism's best kept secret: How extensive it is</h1>
<div class="print-submitted">By <em>Francois Grosjean, Ph.D.</em></div>
<div class="print-created">Created <em>Nov 1 2010 - 4:27am</em></div>
<div class="print-content"><a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/laughter" title="Psychology Today looks at Laughter" class="pt-basics-link"> </a><p>Whenever
I give a talk on bilingualism, I surprise my audience with the
following estimate: more than half of the world's population uses two or
more languages (or dialects) in everyday life. Bilingualism is present
on all continents, in all classes of society, in all age groups. We
know, for example, that in Asia and Africa, many people are bi- or
multilingual although precise figures are often lacking. In Europe, a
bit more than half of the population is at least bilingual. Smaller
countries such as Luxembourg, Switzerland, and The Netherlands house
many bilinguals whereas larger countries such as Great Britain and
France have fewer of them.</p><p>In North America, some 35% of the
population in Canada is bilingual and although the percentage is smaller
in the United States - some 17% - this still corresponds to an
estimated 55 million inhabitants. Bilingualism in the US is very
diverse, pairing English with Native American languages, older colonial
languages, recent immigration languages, and so on.</p><p>How can one
explain such large numbers of bilinguals? One reason is simply that many
countries house numerous languages: 722 in Indonesia, 445 in India, 207
in Australia and so on. Contact between communities means learning
other languages or, at the very least, acquiring a common language of
communication and hence being bilingual. In addition, some
countries have a language policy that recognizes and fosters several
languages - at the very least their official or national languages.
Children learn these languages (or some of them) and many may well be
educated in a language that is not their native language.</p><p>Trade
and business are a major cause of language contact and hence
bilingualism. For example, Greek was the language of buyers and sellers
in the Mediterranean during the third, fourth and fifth centuries BCE
and, of course, English has become a major language of trade and
business today. I have known business people in Sweden, Switzerland and
Singapore who speak English all day at work and return home to speak
their native language.</p><p>An important cause of bilingualism is the movement of peoples. The reasons are many - political, <a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/religion" title="Psychology Today looks at Religion" class="pt-basics-link">religious</a>,
social, economic - and go back to the beginning to time. For instance,
people have always moved to other regions or countries in search of work
and better living conditions, and this has led to substantial
bilingualism. It is with this in mind that American linguist Einar
Haugen, a pioneer of bilingualism studies, stated that the United States
has probably been the home of more bilingual speakers than any other
country in the world.</p><p>This said, bilingualism is not very
extensive at any one time in the US since it is basically short-lived
and transitional. For generations and generations of Americans,
bilingualism has covered a brief period, spanning one or two
generations, between monolingualism in a minority language and
monolingualism in English.</p><p>Things may be changing though. An
increasing number of families are fostering bilingualism by encouraging
their children to learn two languages, English and another language,
very often the home language. Many are thereby keeping their linguistic
and cultural heritage alive in addition to giving their children the
possibility of knowing another language. An increasing number of
professions need people who speak two or more languages. In addition,
bilingualism allows you to communicate with different people and hence
to discover different cultures, thereby giving you a different
perspective on the world.</p><p> </p></div><div class="print-source_url"><strong>Source URL:</strong> <a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/node/49899">http://www.psychologytoday.com/node/49899</a></div>
<div class="print-links"><p><strong>Links:</strong><br>[1] <a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/teaser/2010/11/blog3.jpg">http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/teaser/2010/11/blog3.jpg</a><br>
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