<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sat, Jun 11, 2011 at 8:56 AM, Harold Schiffman <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:hfsclpp@gmail.com">hfsclpp@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex;">
June 10, 2011<br>
Ethnic Protests in China Have Lengthy Roots<br>
By ANDREW JACOBS<br>
<br>
DAMAO BANNER, China — The Mongol nomads who have ranged across these<br>
blustery grasslands for millenniums have long had a tempestuous<br>
relationship with their Han Chinese neighbors to the south. Genghis<br>
Khan’s horseback conquerors overran Beijing in 1215, and Qing dynasty<br>
armies returned the favor four centuries later.<br>
<br>
By the time Mao’s Communist rebels declared victory in 1949, the<br>
Mongolians who occupied what became the Inner Mongolia Autonomous<br>
Region of China had been by and large pacified through Han<br>
immigration, intermarriage and old-fashioned repression.<br>
<br>
But the ethnic Mongolian protests that have swept a number of cities<br>
in recent weeks are a sobering reminder that government largess,<br>
assimilation or an iron fist cannot entirely extinguish the yearnings<br>
of some of China’s 55 ethnic minorities, who account for 8 percent of<br>
the country’s population.<br>
<br>
Even as an exemption from the nation’s one-child policy granted to<br>
minorities helped expand their numbers, Mongolians are still<br>
outnumbered by Han five to one in Inner Mongolia, a region twice the<br>
size of California that borders the independent nation of Mongolia.<br>
<br>
“We feel like we are being drowned by the Han,” said a 21-year-old<br>
computer science student, speaking through the fence of Hohhot<br>
Nationality University, where he and thousands of other Mongolian<br>
students were penned up for five days last week to prevent them from<br>
taking to the streets. “The government always talks about ethnic<br>
harmony, but why do we feel so oppressed?”<br>
<br>
Although the immediate trigger of the demonstrations was a hit-and-run<br>
accident in which a Han coal truck driver struck and killed a<br>
Mongolian herder in early May, the underlying enmity can be tied to<br>
longstanding grievances that spilled out during interviews with more<br>
than a dozen Mongolians last week: the ecological destruction wrought<br>
by an unprecedented mining boom, a perception that economic growth<br>
disproportionately benefits the Han and the rapid disappearance of<br>
Inner Mongolia’s pastoral tradition.<br>
<br>
In Xilinhot, a mining hub not far from where the herder was killed as<br>
he and others tried to block a convoy of coal trucks, as many as 2,000<br>
people, many of them students, took to the streets on May 26. Five<br>
days later, about 150 protesters marched through the center of Hohhot,<br>
the regional capital, despite the presence of thousands of soldiers<br>
and paramilitary police officers who kept college students confined to<br>
their campuses.<br>
<br>
The government response has hewed closely to the recipe used to quell<br>
the far more violent ethnic turmoil that convulsed Tibet in 2008 and<br>
the predominantly Muslim region of Xinjiang a year later. Internet<br>
access has been severely restricted, with most Mongolian Web sites<br>
shut down, and scores of students, professors and herders have been<br>
taken into custody. Enhebatu Togochog, an exiled human rights<br>
advocate, has described the crackdown as a “witch hunt.”<br>
<br>
But officials have also sought to address some of the underlying<br>
drivers of the discontent. They have vowed to correct abuses of the<br>
coal industry, among them unregulated strip mining and trucks that<br>
career over the fragile steppe. The government has also committed to<br>
broader changes, promising hundreds of millions of dollars for<br>
education, environmental protection and the promotion of Mongolian<br>
culture.<br>
<br>
And in an unusually prompt trial — apparently a reflection of Chinese<br>
leaders’ fears of further unrest — a Xilinhot court on Wednesday<br>
handed down a death sentence to the Han driver convicted of running<br>
down Mergen, the Mongolian herdsman. The trial, which lasted six<br>
hours, according to the official Xinhua news agency, also yielded<br>
stiff sentences for three other men involved in the episode. The<br>
authorities said they planned to quickly try another Han driver<br>
accused of killing an activist with a forklift during a confrontation<br>
between the two groups at a coal mine several days later.<br>
<br>
But it is unclear if the swift action will still resentments that have<br>
simmered despite Inner Mongolia’s fast-expanding economy — the growth<br>
rate has topped that of all other provinces since 2002 — and<br>
affirmative action policies that have provided tens of thousands of<br>
government jobs to ethnic Mongolians.<br>
<br>
“The Mongolian situation is very worrying for the Chinese leadership<br>
because you can’t just throw money at an issue like ethnic identity,”<br>
said Minxin Pei, a China expert at the Carnegie Endowment for<br>
International Peace and professor of political science at Claremont<br>
McKenna College in California.<br>
<br>
Here in Damao Banner — banner being the Mongolian equivalent of a<br>
county — a decade-long effort to restore grasslands to health by<br>
moving thousands of shepherds into towns and cities has helped fuel<br>
antigovernment sentiment.<br>
<br>
The reasons for the land’s decline are a matter of some debate,<br>
although many environmentalists say the damming of waterways, coal<br>
mining and overgrazing all play a role. But the government’s most<br>
ambitious solution, known as ecological migration, focuses solely on<br>
the herdsmen, providing subsidies to them — but only after they have<br>
sold off their flocks.<br>
<br>
In Damao, those with money are encouraged to move into new apartment<br>
blocks on the outskirts of town. For now, they appear largely vacant,<br>
although a billboard near the entrance claims that 20,000 people have<br>
already moved into the 31 buildings.<br>
<br>
Those too poor to buy new homes rent cramped rooms in the town’s<br>
Mongolian quarter, a grim, densely packed cluster of brick buildings.<br>
On a recent afternoon, Suyaltu and Uyung, the husband-and-wife<br>
proprietors of a small canteen called Friend of the Grassland,<br>
explained how they were forced to sell their pasture and a herd of 300<br>
cows, sheep and horses in 2004. There are perks to the program, they<br>
said: subsidized school fees for their college-age daughter, a $2,775<br>
annual subsidy and the advantages of living near medical clinics,<br>
shops and schools.<br>
<br>
Still, Uyung, 50, who like many Mongolians goes by a single name, said<br>
that even when combined with the income from their restaurant, their<br>
soon-to-expire subsidy was not enough to sustain the family. Then<br>
there are other, less tangible downsides to the arrangement. “We feel<br>
lost without our herds and the grassland,” she said as her husband<br>
looked at his feet and dragged on a cigarette. “We discovered we are<br>
not suited to the city, but now we are stuck.”<br>
<br>
Chen Jiqun, director of Echoing Steppe, an organization that works to<br>
protect Inner Mongolia’s grasslands, said the benefits of ecological<br>
migration were questionable. For one, he said, a healthy pasture<br>
depends on the hooves of grazing animals to grind up manure.<br>
“Otherwise it just blows away and the land loses its fertility,” he<br>
said.<br>
<br>
In a report issued last December, the United Nations Special<br>
Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter, criticized<br>
China’s nomad resettlement policies as overly coercive and said they<br>
led to “increased poverty, environmental degradation and social<br>
breakdown.”<br>
<br>
But Christopher P. Atwood, an expert on Inner Mongolia who has studied<br>
the disintegration of herding communities, said ecological migration<br>
was merely accelerating the inevitable demographic shift brought on by<br>
two decades of sagging livestock prices and the rural stagnation that<br>
drove young Mongolians to the region’s Han-dominated urban centers.<br>
<br>
“Rural communities are the stronghold of Mongolian culture and<br>
language, so breaking them up has a direct impact on ethnic identity,”<br>
said Mr. Atwood, chairman of Central Eurasian Studies at Indiana<br>
University, Bloomington.<br>
<br>
The result has been a steady decline in the proportion of students who<br>
attend Mongolian-language schools, a figure that has dropped by nearly<br>
half, to 40 percent, since the 1980s. The shift has largely been<br>
propelled by former herders like Huang Liying, 38, a shop owner whose<br>
13-year-old daughter studies at a Mandarin-language school in Baotou,<br>
an industrial city 500 miles away. “To be successful in the modern<br>
world you need to speak good Chinese,” Ms. Huang said. “I feel regret<br>
she doesn’t speak her mother tongue, but Mongolian is not very useful<br>
beyond the grassland.”<br>
<br>
Even if the government is not directly responsible for the ebb of<br>
Mongolian language and culture, many of those who joined the protests<br>
last week directed their ire at the Han officials who run the show in<br>
Inner Mongolia. They complained about increasing intermarriage, the<br>
heavy-handed censorship of local Web sites and the fact that Mongolian<br>
script on street signs is sometimes rendered smaller than the adjacent<br>
Chinese characters.<br>
<br>
Such sentiments are not confined to students. During one of several<br>
unwelcome confrontations with the police last week, a Mongolian<br>
officer in Damao sidled up to a stranger and made a startling<br>
confession. He said he wished he had been brave enough to join the<br>
protests. “The anger I feel,” he said with a conspiratorial grin, “is<br>
burning through my veins.”<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/world/asia/11mongolia.html?ref=world" target="_blank">http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/world/asia/11mongolia.html?ref=world</a><br>
<br>
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</blockquote></div><br>