<h1 class="entry-title">Zombie Borders</h1> <address class="byline author vcard">By <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/author/frank-jacobs/" class="url fn" title="See all posts by FRANK JACOBS">FRANK JACOBS</a></address><div class="inlineModule">
<div class="entry categoryDescriptionModule"><div class="thumb"><img alt="Borderlines" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/blogs_v3/opinionator/borderlines/borderlines45.gif" height="50" width="50"></div><p class="summary">
<a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/category/borderlines/">Borderlines</a> explores the global map, one line at a time.</p></div><div class="entry entryTagsModule"><h4>Tags:</h4><p class="meta tags"><a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/cold-war/" rel="tag">cold war</a>, <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/germany/" rel="tag">Germany</a>, <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/maps/" rel="tag">Maps</a>, <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/place-names/" rel="tag">place names</a></p>
</div></div><p>June
13th, 1990, was a historic day for weather forecasting in Germany. For
the very first time, the weather map on the Tagesschau <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/zombie-borders/#ftn1">[1]</a> showed the newly reunited country’s international borders.</p><p>Before,
German meteorologists made do with merely topographical maps of a
borderless Europe. This was to keep ideology out of meteorology: showing
(or not showing) the border between East and West Germany would have
meant acknowledging (or denying) that this too was an international
border.</p><p>Now defunct by just over two decades, the border between
the two Germanys already seems like a surreal relic from a much more
distant past. Was there <em>really</em> ever a 540-mile Strip of Death
separating the two halves, from the Czech border to the Bay of Lübeck?
There was – and it was quite hermetical, and very deadly <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/zombie-borders/#ftn2">[2]</a> – but today a visitor might be forgiven for thinking otherwise.<span id="more-115191"></span></p>
<div class="w427"><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2011/12/12/opinion/12borderlines/12borderlines-blog427.jpg" id="100000001222349" alt="" height="525" width="427"><span class="credit">Joe Burgess/The New York Times</span><span class="caption"></span></div>
<p>These
days, the so-called innerdeutsche Grenze is almost completely erased
from the landscape, marked only by the occasional memorial placard along
the Autobahn. The fences, the spotlights, the guard dogs and the tanks
have all been withdrawn. But that doesn’t mean it’s gone. The line that
separated the Federal Republic of (West) Germany from the (East) German
Democratic Republic is a zombie border: it’s been dead a few times in
the past, and that hasn’t stopped it coming back. The line between east
and west existed long before the postwar split.</p><p>The German part of
what was called the Iron Curtain started on the Czech border at an old
tripoint between the ancient kingdoms of Saxony, Bavaria and Bohemia <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/zombie-borders/#ftn3">[3]</a>. On its northward course it largely followed the borders of German princely states as they had existed since the Middle Ages.</p>
<p>Admittedly,
the view is complicated by the proliferation of small states so typical
for pre-unification Germany, but squint at a map of the Holy Roman
Empire <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/zombie-borders/#ftn4">[4]</a>
in its latter centuries, and you’ll see the 20th-century intra-German
border prefigured. It’s right there, at the western edge of Thuringia,
Magdeburg, the Altmark and Mecklenburg-Schwerin.</p><p>But why? After
flattening much of Germany, why would the Allies pay any heed to
medieval demarcations when occupying it? The border between FRG and GDR
started out as the line where the Soviet zone of occupation in the east
met the British and American zones. Not only did the Soviets have a bone
to pick with Germany, but communism itself seems antithetical to the
feudalism that shaped those borders.</p><p>The answer is, most likely:
convenience. Many if not most “new” international borders, which we take
to be the result of recent politics, are in fact older, subnational
ones. Drawing completely new borders means having to negotiate and
compromise, exchanging territorial tit-for-tats. Plus, by taking over
old administrative units in their entirety, you’re inheriting an
established capital with a centralized administration that has a reach
covering the entire territory. Relying on old borders, already familiar
to the locals, saves the occupier a lot of bother.</p><p>But there is an
even deeper historical layer to Germany’s East-West divide. If the
20th-century border was ideological, and the 18th-century one dynastic,
the separation in the Early Middle Ages was ethnic. Almost exactly a
millennium before Stalin staked his claim to East Germany, a weirdly
similar border divided the East Francian kingdom of Henry I the Fowler,
first king of all Germans (919-936) from the Slavic lands in the east.</p><p>Around
that time, most of what became the German Democratic Republic was
settled by Slavs. Indeed, the Slavic history of what is now eastern
Germany has been caught in the amber of its toponymy: Any town name
ending in -ow (Treptow), -au (Spandau) or -itz (Chemnitz) most likely
has a Slavic root. Even Berlin refers back to “berl,” ancient Slavonic
for “swamp” (near which the original settlement was built), and not to
Bär, German for the bear that really has no business gracing the city
flag <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/zombie-borders/#ftn5">[5]</a>.</p><p>Henry
founded the powerful Ottonian dynasty – his son Otto would be the first
German emperor – and started the tradition of German eastward
expansion. In the centuries up to the world wars of the 20th century,
German conquest, settlement and acculturation had pushed back the
Slavosphere hundreds of miles. Even today, pockets of ethnic Slavs still
exist within German borders, most notably the Sorbs, who live in and
around the Spreewald marshlands southeast of Berlin and speak a language
closely related to Polish. Hitler explicitly placed his quest for more
Lebensraum in the east in the tradition of that Drang nach Osten <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/zombie-borders/#ftn6">[6]</a>;
he even sent German anthropologists into Poland and Russia to find
evidence that ethnic Germans had once occupied those territories.</p><p>Stalin,
too, saw the contemporary conflict with Germany in a millennial
context. In his victory speech to the people on May 9, 1945, he said:
“The age-long struggle of the Slavonic peoples for their existence and
independence has ended in victory over the German aggressors and German
tyranny.”</p><p>This might explain why the Soviets were the first of the Allied quartet to propose the borders of their occupation zone <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/zombie-borders/#ftn7">[7]</a>
– they had studied their historical atlases beforehand, and were
determined to roll back German eastward expansion from its high-water
mark at the gates of Moscow to its earliest beginnings, on the banks of
the Elbe. As the Swiss historian Walther Hofer wrote, “The Third Reich
did not turn out to be a thousand-year empire, but in the twelve years
of its existence, it managed to undo the historical achievement of a
thousand years” <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/zombie-borders/#ftn8">[8]</a>.</p><p>But
this was hardly the end of things: the Red Army’s advance to the Elbe,
once indeed the border between Germanic and Slavic tribes, turned out to
be the Soviet Union’s own high-water mark. By 1990, state communism had
retreated from Central Europe. In a dramatic reversal of fortune, the
Soviet Union was about to collapse as Germany’s two halves re-unified <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/zombie-borders/#ftn9">[9]</a>.</p><p>The
Iron Curtain that divided Europe (and Germany) is gone. The European
Union now includes much of Eastern Europe, and indeed some bits of the
former Soviet Union. In Angela Merkel, Germany has its first chancellor
raised in the former East Germany. Although many socio-economic
indicators for the ex-GDR are still not up to par with the western half
of Germany, the border itself has been thoroughly erased from the
landscape.</p><p>So is that the end of Henry the Fowler’s
thousand-year-old border? Maybe not. Erased borders are like phantom
limbs – sometimes it feels like they’re still there, even when they’re
manifestly not.</p><p>For one of the most remarkable examples of this
revenant quality of former borders, we need only hop across the
Oder-Neisse line to Poland. On the map of post-communist Poland’s
election results, one curious division keeps cropping up: the old
imperial border between Russia and Prussia/Germany, as it existed when
Poland did not, from 1848 to 1918.</p><p>In the electoral districts west
of that border, it’s usually the more liberal candidates and parties
that win a majority. To the east, with the notable exception of Warsaw,
the more conservative ones mostly carry the day. This map shows the
geographic distribution of majorities in the first round of the most
recent presidential elections, in 2010, pitting Bronisław Komorowski
(candidate for the liberal Civic Platform party) against Jarosław
Kaczynski (candidate of the conservative Law and Justice party). Mr.
Komorowski, who defeated his opponent 53 percent to 47 percent, won
majorities mainly in the formerly Prussian part of the country, with Mr.
Kaczynski winning mainly in the formerly Russian part.</p><div class="w190 right module"><div class="entry"><h6 class="kicker">Related</h6><h5><a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/category/borderlines/">More From Borderlines</a></h5>
<p class="summary">Read previous contributions to this series.</p></div></div><p>The
fit between modern election result and ancient border is almost
perfect. But how can this be? The ethnic composition of the region has
been shaken up thoroughly since the border last was in effect: following
the Second World War, Germans were expelled from areas east of the
Oder-Neisse line, and Poles moved in from former Polish areas to the
east, now annexed by the Soviet Union.</p><p>Yet in spite of these
completely different demographics, the former border keeps resurfacing
at Polish national elections – a zombie border indeed. Earlier treatment
of this question <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/zombie-borders/#ftn10">[10]</a>
has offered up a few intriguing hypotheses: The resettled Poles haven’t
had the time yet to “get conservative”; the newer Polish areas have
richer farmland (or a denser rail network), are thus more likely to have
liberal politics. But an answer that fits the question as snugly as the
old border fits contemporary election results remains elusive.</p><p>It
may seem overly deterministic to link modern election results to
ancient borders that no longer exist; but similar claims have been made
about election outcomes in France, Ukraine and the United States, to
name but a few countries.</p><p>The Web site <a href="http://www.electoralgeography.com/">Electoral Geography</a>
is an excellent place to lose a few hours looking for evidence of old
borders, or any other social patterns, in election result maps. And when
all those shifting boundaries get a bit too much for you, maybe it’s
finally time for the Tagesschau’s <a href="http://www.daserste.de/wetter/europa.asp">soothing weather map</a>, where the only lines moving across Europe are the cold fronts.</p><p><em>Frank Jacobs is a London-based author and blogger. He writes about cartography, but only the interesting bits.</em></p>
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