Varieties of English 2<br>
<br><br>
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Announced at <a href="http://linguistlist.org/issues/19/19-1182.html">http://linguistlist.org/issues/19/19-1182.html</a> <br> <br>EDITOR: Schneider, Edgar W. <br>TITLE: Varieties of English 2 <br>SUBTITLE: The Americas and the Caribbean <br>
PUBLISHER: Mouton de Gruyter <br>YEAR: 2008 <br> <br>Richard W. Hallett, Linguistics Department, Northeastern Illinois University <br> <br>SUMMARY <br>In the 'General introduction' (1-22) to this volume, which is the second in a <br>
series of four volumes, Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider discuss the goal <br>of the volumes in this series and their accompanying CD-ROMs; i.e. to 'provide <br>comprehensive up-to-date accounts of the salient phonological and grammatical <br>
properties of the varieties of English around the world' (1). The volume <br>reviewed here focuses on 'all main national standard varieties, distinctive <br>regional, ethnic, and social varieties, major contact varieties (pidgins and <br>
creoles), as well as major varieties of English as a Second Language' (2) found <br>in the Western Hemisphere. In the following chapter, 'Introduction: Varieties <br>of English in the Americas and the Caribbean' (23-33), Edgar W. Schneider <br>
justifies the classification and examination of the following varieties <br>according to the region in which they are used. <br> <br>The next seventeen chapters focus on the phonological patterns of varieties of <br>English in the New World: 'Standard American English pronunciation' (37-51) by <br>
William A. Kretzschmar, Jr.; 'New England: Phonology' (52-66) by Naomi Nagy and <br>Julie Roberts; 'New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: Phonology <br>(67-86) by Matthew J. Gordon; 'Rural Southern white accents' (87-114) by Erik R. <br>
Thomas; 'The urban South: Phonology' (115-128) by Jan Tillery and Guy Bailey; <br>'The West and Midwest: Phonology' (129-143) by Matthew J. Gordon; 'English in <br>Canada: Phonology' (144-160) by Charles Boberg; 'Newfoundland English: <br>
Phonology' (161-180) by Sandra Clarke; 'African American Vernacular English: <br>Phonology' (181-191) by Walter F. Edwards; 'Gullah: Phonology' (192-207) by <br>Tracey L. Weldon; 'Cajun Vernacular English: Phonology' (208-218) by Sylvie <br>
Dubois and Barbara M. Horvath; 'Chicano English: Phonology' (219-238) by Otto <br>Santa Ana and Robert Bayley; 'Bahamian English: Phonology' (239-255) by Becky <br>Childs and Walt Wolfram; 'Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English: Phonology' <br>
(256-289) by Hubert Devonish and Otelemate G. Harry; 'Eastern Caribbean <br>English-derived language varieties: Phonology' (290-311) by Michael Aceto; <br>'Bajan: Phonology' (312-319) by Renée Blake; 'The creoles of Trinidad and <br>
Tobago: Phonology' (320-338) by Valerie Youssef and Winford James; and 'Suriname <br>creoles: Phonology' (339-382) by Norval Smith and Vinije Haabo. After each <br>chapter is a set of exercises and study questions. At the end of this phonology <br>
section is Edgar W. Schneider's 'Synopsis: Phonological variation in the <br>Americas and the Caribbean' (383-398), in which he states that each of the above <br>contributors were asked to employ Wells' (1982) lexical sets to identify the <br>
various vowel types. <br> <br>The second section focuses on the morphology and syntax of the varieties of <br>English in the Americas and the Caribbean. Fourteen chapters comprise the bulk <br>of the second half of this volume: 'Colloquial American English: Grammatical <br>
features' (401-427) by Thomas E. Murray and Beth Lee Simon; 'Appalachian <br>English: Morphology and syntax" (428-467) by Michael B. Montgomery; 'Rural and <br>ethnic varieties in the Southeast: Morphology and syntax' (468-491) by Walt <br>
Wolfram; 'Newfoundland English: Morphology and syntax' (492-509) by Sandra <br>Clark; 'African American Vernacular English: Morphology and syntax' (510-533) by <br>Walt Wolfram; 'Earlier African American English: Morphology and syntax' <br>
(534-550) by Alexander Kautzsch; 'Gullah: Morphology and syntax' (551-571) by <br>Salikoko S. Mufwene; 'Chicano English: Morphology and syntax' (572-590) by <br>Robert Bayley and Otto Santa Ana; 'Bahamian English: Morphology and syntax' <br>
(591-608) by Jeffrey Reaser and Benjamin Torbert; 'Jamaican Creole: Morphology <br>and syntax' (609-644) by Peter L. Patrick; 'Eastern Caribbean English-derived <br>language varieties: Morphology and syntax' (645-660) by Michael Aceto; 'The <br>
creoles of Trinidad and Tobago: Morphology and syntax' (661-692) by Winford <br>James and Valerie Youssef; 'Surinamese creoles: Morphology and syntax' (693-731) <br>by Donald Winford and Bettina Migge; and 'Belize and other central American <br>
varieties: Morphology and syntax' (732-762) by Geneviève Escure. The book's <br>final chapter is Edgar W. Schneider's 'Synopsis: Morphological and syntactic <br>variation in the Americas and the Caribbean' (763-776). <br>
<br>EVALUATION <br>As the goal of this volume is quite ambitious, i.e. to provide a wide-ranging <br>overview of the varieties of English in the Western Hemisphere, it is both too <br>easy and quite unfair to criticize a lack of depth of analysis of any one <br>
variety. Rather, the book is able to accomplish a broad survey of these <br>varieties so that interested scholars may understand the relationships between <br>and among the Englishes of this part of the world. As an example of such an <br>
unfair criticism, Gordon's chapter on Western and Midwestern American phonology <br>fails to mention the tensing of high lax vowels before the voiceless palatal <br>fricative found in parts of the state of Indiana (see Ladefoged 1993:88), a <br>
feature with which this reviewer is very familiar. Again, to focus on such <br>minor omissions is to lose sight of the wealth of information this volume <br>contains; as Gordon specifically states at this beginning of his chapter, '…this <br>
vast territory is by no means linguistically homogenous; indeed almost all of <br>the speech characteristics described here occur variably across the regions <br>considered and across speakers within any given region' (129). <br>
<br>Concerning the phonology section of this volume, there is no better <br>comprehensive yet digestible compilation on varieties of English in the Americas <br>and the Caribbean than that found in this volume. The use of Wells' (1982) <br>
lexical sets in describing the vowels of each variety is not only important for <br>consistency, but also for easy cross-reference and comparison of the varieties. <br> There are significant differences in the length of the chapters in this <br>
section, e.g. the text of Blake's chapter on the phonology of Bajan, the <br>English-related creole spoken in Barbados, is only six pages in length, while <br>the text of Smith and Haabo's chapter on the phonology of Surinamese creoles <br>
spans forty-two pages and includes sixty-eight tables comparing phonological <br>features of English, Sranan, Ndyuka, and Saramaccan. <br> <br>While the phonology section is quite comprehensive and by nature employs <br>uniformity of description, this consistency is lacking in the chapters on <br>
morphology and syntax. The chapters in the second half of the book describe <br>various syntactic features of these Englishes, thereby removing the ease of <br>comparison among the varieties offered by the phonology section. Likewise, <br>
there is not a direct correspondence to the chapters in the first half of the <br>book. For example, there are no chapters on the morpho-syntax of Cajun <br>Vernacular English or Bajan. Nonetheless, this section does contain valuable <br>
information about varieties of English that are still under-researched. <br> <br>Overall, this volume is a very helpful addition to the canon of world Englishes <br>studies. The synopses that follow both sections of the volume summarize and <br>
(re)present the main ideas discussed in the preceding chapters, each of which is <br>well chosen to provide a broad overview of varieties of English found in the <br>Americas and the Caribbean. Particularly useful are the exercises that follow <br>
each chapter, as well as the CD-ROM. The chapters and exercises will supply <br>great homework and/or discussion points for classes on a variety of linguistic <br>topics, e.g. world Englishes, dialectology, and language variation. <br>
<br>REFERENCES <br>Ladefoged, Peter. 1993. A course in phonetics, 3rd edition. Fort Worth: <br>Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <br> <br>Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <br> <br>
ABOUT THE REVIEWER <br>Richard W. Hallett is Professor and Coordinator of Linguistics at <br>Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago. His research interests <br>include world Englishes, second language acquisition, sociolinguistics, and <br>
the discourse of tourism. He is the co-author of 'Official Tourism <br>Websites: A Discourse Analysis Perspective'.
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