English with an Accent<br>
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<br><br>
Announced at <a href="http://linguistlist.org/issues/23/23-812.html">http://linguistlist.org/issues/23/23-812.html</a> <br> <br>AUTHOR: Rosina W. Lippi-Green <br>TITLE: English with an Accent <br>SUBTITLE: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States <br>
PUBLISHER: Routledge <br>YEAR: 2011 <br> <br>Ava Becker, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada <br> <br>INTRODUCTION <br>Rosina Lippi-Green has gone to great lengths to update and expand upon the <br>argument she first presented in the 1997 edition of English with an Accent <br>
(EWA). In the preface to the current edition, she remarks that between 1999 and <br>2010 she added over 800 sources to the online bibliography associated with this <br>work, ranging from academic monographs to legal reports and government documents <br>
(p. xxii). Consequently, "pretty much every sentence in EWA had to be rewritten, <br>every source checked, reevaluated, replaced or brought up to date, and every <br>conclusion challenged" (p. xxii); the fruits of her labour are self-evident <br>
whether you are about to read this book for the first time, or enjoy it again, <br>as I did. <br> <br>Indeed, one of the strengths of this book is the depth and breadth of her <br>engagement with sources; the inclusion of casual observations, for instance, <br>
provides a progressive response to Choi and Nunan's question regarding what can <br>be considered "legitimate data" in research (2010, p. 1). Through incessant <br>waves of questions interspersed with illustrations from academia, advertising, <br>
pedagogical documents, popular culture and media, and even fragments of <br>conversations she has overheard or on-line forums she has read, Lippi-Green <br>exposes our carefully-guarded truths about language. Her intention seems to be <br>
to dismantle the standard language ideology (SLI) that no one's upbringing is <br>free from, and to cultivate its popular deconstruction through careful study and <br>daily awareness. <br> <br>This book's insights on the social repercussions of SLI and accent <br>
discrimination makes it both intriguing and upsetting to read at times. <br>Lippi-Green challenges everyone, from the general reader to the seasoned <br>language activist, to be objective about language in order to begin <br>
distinguishing between our "common sense" beliefs about language and linguistic <br>facts. The reason for this, she argues, is that the beliefs about accent and <br>language that we have accepted as truths reinforce and justify social <br>
inequalities, and that to determine privilege not "on the basis of what [people] <br>have to say, but how they say it" (p. xx), is simply wrong. <br> <br>SUMMARY <br>Recognizing the pervasiveness of language myths and the power of standard <br>
language ideologies, Lippi-Green takes her time (Chapters 1-6) in peeling back <br>the conceptual layers that underlie these myths and ideologies, appealing to our <br>lived experience by drawing on personal experience and incorporating examples <br>
from American popular culture. In Chapter 1, she sums up "The linguistic facts <br>of life" that are relevant to the book's argument. These include: All spoken <br>language changes over time; all spoken languages are equal in terms of <br>
linguistic potential; grammaticality and communicative effectiveness are <br>distinct and independent issues; written language and spoken language are <br>fundamentally different; variation is intrinsic to all spoken language, and is <br>
mostly symbolic (adapted from pp. 6-7). Other linguists have worked to dispel <br>language myths for a non-linguist readership (see Bauer & Trudgill, 1998), but <br>EWA goes one step further by foregrounding these myths in the broader framework <br>
of social inequality. <br> <br>Chapter 2 (Language in motion) spills over from the final myth addressed in <br>Chapter 1 regarding regional variation. Also by way of a concise and relevant <br>introduction to the subsequent chapters, Lippi-Green focuses on four well-known <br>
cases of variation in the US: the presence or absence of (r) in syllable codas; <br>the Northern Cities Chain Shift; lexical variation and discourse markers; weak <br>and strong verbs (p. 27). Her point in this chapter is to dispel the myth that <br>
American dialects are disappearing, and to begin introducing the interplay of <br>social and linguistic factors. After establishing that variation is inherent in <br>spoken language, she asks why some labels (i.e., substandard) are applied to <br>
different varieties and what the implications might be of such labeling. A <br>strength of this chapter is that it assumes no background in linguistics, <br>spelling out IPA where necessary and succinctly integrating the methods and <br>
results of seminal studies (i.e., Labov, 1962). <br> <br>After these two foundational chapters, Lippi-Green dives into "The myth of <br>non-accent" (Chapter 3) in which she begins to directly address the issue of <br>
accent promised in the book's title. She begins by examining the function of <br>myth for its power to influence the behaviour of people, and to explain why it <br>is reasonable to call the notion of "standard language" a myth. It is important <br>
to establish the concept of myth in this chapter because in Chapters four and <br>five, she moves directly into the conceptual core of the book: SLI. A highlight <br>of this chapter is the Sound House analogy that Lippi-Green has devised to <br>
explain how our accents are developed, abandoned, and adopted as we move through <br>childhood and adolescence. The analogy traces the hypothetical protagonist's <br>phonological development from birth to age 20, using architectural metaphors to <br>
describe how she attempts to "renovate" her Sound House (or native tongue <br>phonology) in order to liken or distinguish her Sound House from those of her <br>family members, friends, and other-language speakers whose Sound Houses she <br>
would like the blueprints for. Lippi-Green maintains that it is natural for our <br>accents (in all of our languages) to change over time, but it is important to <br>recognize the power of myth and ideology in these changes. <br>
<br>In Chapter 4 (The standard language myth), Lippi-Green puts The Dictionary under <br>the microscope as she explores the question of who decides what is "standard". <br>This chapter expands upon the notion of myth by deconstructing the myth of a <br>
standard variety of a language, and by pointing out who exploits and benefits <br>from it. She concedes that it may be necessary to have a "standard" -- even one <br>determined by an elite group -- but warns, "there is nothing objective about <br>
this practice" (p. 58). I found her decision to bring the dictionary to the <br>analytical forefront here appealing, because the dictionary is probably the most <br>commonly and widely consulted authority in quotidian debates about language, and <br>
as such inductively brings our attention to the propagation of SLI in our daily <br>lives. <br> <br>By Chapter 5 (Language subordination) we are sufficiently prepared to begin <br>exploring the conceptual heart of Lippi-Green's work here, which concerns the <br>
"language subordination process" (p. 69), or how people are oppressed and <br>excluded via standard language ideologies. One of the most intriguing questions <br>she raises in this chapter is not whether people subscribe to standard language <br>
ideologies, because it has already been established that we all do to a certain <br>extent. Rather, she poses the more difficult question of how language <br>subordination works, and offers "The language subordination model" (p. 70) as an <br>
analytical tool to probe how SLIs are disseminated and why people accept the <br>inferior or stigmatized social positions that consenting to a SLI grants them. <br>The model includes the following processes: language is mystified; authority is <br>
claimed; misinformation is generated; targeted languages are trivialized; <br>conformers are held up as positive examples; non-conformers are vilified or <br>marginalized; explicit promises are made; threats are made (p. 70); examples of <br>
each of these are presented in varying detail throughout the remainder of the <br>book. This chapter builds on the previous ones by discussing what the social <br>implications are of asking people to speak a certain language, or with a certain <br>
accent. <br> <br>While Lippi-Green concedes that we still do not know exactly how language <br>subordination works or why, in Chapter 6, "The educational system: fixing the <br>message in stone", she offers that school is the place where SLI is first <br>
introduced and enforced, even by the most well-intentioned teachers. She <br>demonstrates the disconnect between policy and practice by arguing that even <br>though policies to recognize linguistic diversity have been in place since the <br>
1970s, very little has been done to implement these. <br> <br>In Chapters 7-17, Lippi-Green gives several examples of how language <br>subordination has affected and continues to negatively affect speakers of <br>different languages and varieties of English in the United States. Most, if not <br>
all of the chapters subsequent to Chapter 6, feature English speakers from <br>diverse regions of the US (i.e.: Chapters 7, 8, 11, 12) and language backgrounds <br>(i.e.: Chapters 7, 9, 14, 15, 17) and discuss how the SLI in each of their cases <br>
has direct implications for authenticity, real and imagined belonging, and <br>access to opportunity in the American context. Chapter 11, for instance, is <br>about linguistic perceptions of and by speakers in "the Southern Trough". In <br>
this chapter, she explores issues of accent reduction, identity, resistance, and <br>the trivialization of southern varieties of English and their speakers. Here, <br>Lippi-Green argues that assimilation via accent reduction is commonly perceived <br>
to be the price of success in America (see also Chapters 9 and 12 for example). <br>Similarly, Chapter 10's focus on AAVE (African American Vernacular English), or <br>"Black language" (p.182) argues that the issues surrounding this variety of US <br>
English are historically rooted in questions of defining who gets to be an <br>authentic American. This chapter includes a short overview of AAVE grammar, some <br>of the main controversies surrounding it, and opposing viewpoints from the Anglo <br>
and African American communities towards it. Later, in Chapter 16, she zooms in <br>on a case study of the Oakland Ebonics Controversy in Oakland, California in the <br>1990s, providing a more intimate look at some of the tangible repercussions of <br>
SLI in the African American community. Chapters 14 and 15 are new to the second <br>edition and focus on the varieties of English spoken by two major ethnic <br>minorities in the US: Latinos and Asian Americans, respectively. <br>
<br>For the second edition of EWA, Lippi-Green has added 14 more films to her <br>analysis of how SLI is manipulated in Disney films (Chapter 7). This chapter <br>shows how there is nothing innocuous about cartoons -- indeed, via accents and <br>
racial stereotyping, cultures are trivialized and characters that speak with <br>"standard" varieties of English (or, "conformers" to the SLI) are praised by <br>being consistently represented as "the good guy". Thus, by watching Disney <br>
films, children are socialized into certain prejudices. The Disney example is <br>useful because it provides a very clear illustration of how linguistic and <br>non-linguistic features such as race are often inseparable; Chapter 17's <br>
discussion of linguistic profiling is another such example, although issues of <br>race arise regularly throughout the book. <br> <br>In Chapter 8, Lippi-Green examines how political figures are presented by the <br>media, and how commentary about the way politicians speak (rather than what they <br>
are saying) has a powerful effect on public perception of them. Chapter 9 also <br>demonstrates how language subordination works, but this time at the intersection <br>of the workplace and the legal system. This chapter features dozens of <br>
real-world examples to illustrate how difficult it is to prosecute employers <br>when there has been language discrimination in the workplace, even where <br>policies are in place to protect people from it (also see Chapter 17 for a <br>
similar argument in the context of housing). <br> <br>Lippi-Green concludes (Chapter 18) by bringing us back to her original position: <br>"language subordination is not about relative standards and preferences [i.e. <br>
aesthetics] in the way a language is used" (p. 335), it is about the fact that <br>adherence to an exclusive SLI effectively silences those who do not speak a <br>standard variety because we judge them based on the quality rather than the <br>
content of their speech. <br> <br>EVALUATION <br>This second edition boasts a diversity of discussion questions, further reading <br>and classroom exercises that are relevant to a range of life experiences and <br>scholarly disciplines. A companion site symbol appears at intervals throughout <br>
the text directing readers to the new companion website that has an interactive <br>bibliography, sound clips, images and video to complement the reading. <br> <br>EWA can be used in many ways. Because it is written in a clear and rather <br>
narrative style, people from a wide range of backgrounds will find the material <br>accessible. Although it was written for a general audience, Lippi-Green does not <br>sacrifice complexity for accessibility. The range of issues covered in each <br>
chapter provides fuel for debate in graduate and undergraduate classes alike, in <br>disciplines spanning the social sciences, education, and even law -- regardless <br>of students' interest in language specifically. <br>
<br>The first few chapters especially make excellent complementary reading for <br>beginners in linguistics, because they present well-known studies and key <br>concepts in a practical and engaging way, as well as providing a bit of an <br>
orientation to different branches of linguistics (p. 40). <br> <br>Lippi-Green's argument is firmly rooted in the American context, which I see as <br>a strength and not a shortcoming. The questions she raises, however, can and <br>
should be raised in any country or manner of social organization. Also, in EWA <br>the school is presented as the child's first exposure to SLI (p.73), but I felt <br>that this ignores the ideological socializing function of the child's <br>
caregivers. The home domain -- where the child builds their first Sound House -- <br>is not ideologically neutral territory and deserves a closer look. Another point <br>concerns the processes identified in the language subordination model; these are <br>
multifarious and raise many more questions than a single monograph is able to <br>address. But I wondered, for example, whether comments like "that accent is so <br>cute" are inherently trivializing, or at what point they become so. <br>
<br>As Lippi-Green points out at the very outset (p. ix), the notions of language <br>subordination and SLI are quite controversial. Indeed, as much as I agree with <br>the central premise of EWA, my own SLI indoctrination prohibits me from fully <br>
grasping or possibly concurring with some of its finer points at the present <br>time. Lippi-Green is ultimately calling for a paradigm shift in the way we think <br>about language, and more importantly, in the way we think about and behave <br>
towards each other, which is at best a profoundly uncomfortable proposition for <br>many; as EWA makes clear, SLI is so deeply ingrained that even human rights <br>activists and advocates of language equality inadvertently promote it. As with <br>
the first edition, EWA is difficult to put down, and the issues it raises are <br>even more difficult to stop talking about. <br> <br>REFERENCES <br>Bauer, L., & Trudgill, P. (1998). Language myths. London: Penguin Books. <br>
<br>Labov, W. (1962). The Social History of a Sound Change on the Island of Martha's <br>Vineyard, Massachusetts. New York: Columbia. <br> <br>Nunan, D., & Choi, J. (2010). Language, Culture, and Identity: Framing the <br>
Issues. In D. Nunan and J. Choi (Eds.), Language and culture: Reflective <br>narratives and the emergence of identity. New York: Routledge. Pp. 1-13. <br> <br>ABOUT THE REVIEWER <br>Ava Becker holds an honors degree in Spanish and Latin American Studies and <br>
is currently finishing her Master's degree in Applied Linguistics at the <br>University of Alberta, Canada. Her current research interests include <br>Spanish heritage language development (HLD) in Canada, HLD in refugee <br>
communities, HLD and multilingualism, and discourse analysis. She hopes to <br>explore some of the findings from her Master's research in a PhD program.
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