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Much Ado About English<br>
<br>
by Deborah Cameron, on the Berfrois blog, 20 December 2012<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.berfrois.com/2012/12/deborah-cameron-a-word-of-the-queens/" target="_blank">http://www.berfrois.com/2012/12/deborah-cameron-a-word-of-the-queens/</a><br>
<br>
Last week, the Labour leader Ed Miliband made a much-hyped speech about
'cultural integration'. He faced the usual problem: how to placate that
section of Labour's traditional, white working class constituency which
opposes immigration, without at the same time alienating minorities and
the anti-racist Left. And he reached for what has recently become the
usual solution: restating that least contentious of propositions about
'integration', that everyone in Britain should speak English.<br>
<br>
The speech was billed as a U-turn for Labour: 'sorry, we got it wrong
when we were in power, we'll take the integration thing more seriously
next time around'. But what Miliband said about English was just the
latest move in a cross-party pissing contest that has been going on for
over a decade; and if anyone started it, it was the last Labour
administration.<br>
<br>
In 2001, following outbreaks of street-fighting between white and Asian
youths in depressed northern towns like Oldham, the Sheffield-born Home
Secretary David Blunkett urged Asian parents to help their children
integrate by speaking only English at home. Evidently he hadn't noticed
that the Asian kids who were interviewed on TV spoke English with
accents very similar to his own. In 2005, the Labour government brought
in a new test of both language and cultural knowledge which citizenship
applicants had to pass. Then, in 2006, they created the Department for
Communities and Local Government to oversee policy on 'social cohesion'.
Successive Communities Secretaries have made it their mission to bang
on about English at every opportunity, and to demonize the mythical
figure of the migrant who can't or won't learn it.<br>
<br>
Hazel Blears was a tireless promoter of the message: in 2008 she made a
speech accusing local councils of pandering to the shirkers by
translating material into community languages. Earlier this year, her
Tory successor Eric Pickles ticked schools off for letting any child
leave without being able to 'speak English like a native'. In between,
the Department found time to have a go at shops where the
Polish-language signs allegedly make English people feel 'excluded'. And
now Ed Miliband is singing from the same hymn sheet. The next Labour
government, he told us, will get even tougher on translation; it will
make parental responsibility for English language-learning part of a
formal 'home-school agreement'; and it will introduce new English
proficiency standards for any public sector worker whose job involves
talking to the public.<br>
<br>
By now you might be thinking: this is all very well, but does anyone
seriously dispute that it's important for people who live in Britain to
speak English? Actually, no: I wasn't being sarcastic when I called that
proposition uncontentious. What I do dispute, though, is the existence
of thousands of immigrants who don't know any English, can't be bothered
to learn it and don't care if their children acquire it. All serious
research on the subject finds that minority ethnic groups are well aware
of the importance of English, especially for the next generation-they
don't need a home-school agreement to tell them how much it matters. The
research also finds that migrants' children do learn English-from peers
and older siblings as well as teachers-and often act as 'language
brokers' for their less proficient parents.<br>
<br>
As for the Eastern Europeans who are accused of flocking here without
knowing a word of English, the fact is that many choose the UK precisely
because they do know the language: as we Brits are fond of remarking in
other contexts, English is the world's most widely-taught foreign
language, with more non-native than native speakers. Its global currency
also makes it a language people actively want to learn if they do not
already know it. Of course there are some people in Britain whose
English is poor or non-existent, but the idea that our lax
multiculturalism has removed any incentive for migrants to learn and use
it is a myth of politicians' own invention.<br>
<br>
What's remarkable about this myth is how recently it was invented, and
how alien it is to our historical traditions. English is not the
official language of the UK, and any attempt to give it that status
would meet with stiff opposition from the speakers of Celtic languages,
which have a much longer history than English in these islands. Until
the 20th Century, English was not the majority language in all parts of
the British Isles, and even in England it did not until recently have
much resonance as a national symbol. Before 2005, when the current test
was introduced, there was no language requirement for British
citizenship at all: the view was fairly widespread that what languages
you spoke was not the business of the state. As recently as the 1990s, a
judge who told a defendant of Pakistani origin that he had to take
English lessons as part of his sentence provoked controversy on the
grounds that he had no right to impose such conditions. Even in 2001
some Conservatives criticized David Blunkett's 'speak English at home'
message to Asians as a breach of the principle that an Englishman's home
is his castle. Some things, we used to think, were more fundamental to
the British way of life than speaking English.<br>
<br>
But in little more than ten years we have swapped this traditional
laissez faire attitude (if you'll pardon my French) for a degree of
linguistic chauvinism that would not disgrace a post-Soviet state trying
to reassert its cultural sovereignty after years of Russian domination.
Since English is the world's least threatened language, it does make
you wonder what the hell is going on.<br>
<br>
Partly, what's going on is political pandering to racism and
xenophobia-imposing more stringent language requirements is one way to
reduce the number of immigrants Britain lets in, at least from outside
the EU-but I don't think that's the whole story. The pious statements
made about English by the likes of Ed Miliband (and Hazel Blears and
Eric Pickles) never fail to remind me of the old Alexei Sayle ditty that
goes: 'It's not class or ideology/ colour, creed or roots/ the only
thing that unites us/ is Doctor Marten's boots'.<br>
<br>
In the age of globalization, our increasingly impotent political leaders
are obsessed with defining British national identity, but also
increasingly uncertain about what, if anything, does define it. Clearly,
it can no longer be defined by 'colour, creed and roots'. And attempts
to codify some set of 'British values' have been notably unconvincing,
caught between the overly generic (democracy and the rule of law) and
the risibly trivial (queuing and drinking tea). Speaking English is what
we're left with. We may not be the only or even the most important
English-speaking country in the world, but we can at least claim to have
been the first.<br>
<br>
There's another advantage to politicians in making English the
centrepiece of their 'cultural integration' policy. While they are
uttering such trite observations as Ed Miliband's 'we can only converse
if we can speak the same language', they can avoid talking directly
about the things on Alexei Sayle's list, the economic and cultural and
religious divisions which are really at the root of the most serious
inter-group conflicts. The Asians who took to the streets of Oldham in
2001 spoke English like the natives they were (and like the white youths
they competed with for jobs and housing); the 7/7 London suicide
bombers left martyrdom videos in (Yorkshire-accented) English. Our
leaders have taken a metaphor ('we don't speak the same language'
meaning 'we don't share the same beliefs, values and interests') and
interpreted it literally ('we'll be fine if we can just make everyone
speak English'). Like the boots in the song, it's a triumph of style
over substance.<br clear="all"><br>-- <br>=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>
University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br>
<a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------
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