<div dir="ltr"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Dear all, </font><div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div style><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Two days ago I was at the presentation of my friend's book entitled "<span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%">A
Proposal for Pan-Caucasian Alphabet</span>" by Vazgen Ghazaryan. The book is in two languages: Armenian and Russian.</font></div><div style><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div style><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Below I am adding the synopsis of the book in English which you can find in the attachment, too.</font></div>
<div style><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div style><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">This alphabet can bring a solution to many endangered Caucasian languages, so I think this might be interesting. I will put Vazgen Ghazaryan's e-mail: <span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12.800000190734863px;line-height:13.600000381469727px"> </span><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12.800000190734863px;line-height:13.600000381469727px"><a href="mailto:vazgen.ghazaryan@gmail.com">vazgen.ghazaryan@gmail.com</a></span></font></div>
<div style><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12.800000190734863px;line-height:13.600000381469727px"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></span></div><div style><font color="#333333" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="line-height:13.59375px">Best regards,</span></font></div>
<div style><font color="#333333" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="line-height:13.59375px">Armen Grigoryan</span></font></div><div style><font color="#333333" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="line-height:13.59375px"><br>
</span></font></div><div style><font color="#333333" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="line-height:13.59375px"><br></span></font></div><div style><font color="#333333" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="line-height:13.59375px"><br>
</span></font></div><div style><font color="#333333" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="line-height:13.59375px"><br></span></font></div><div style><font color="#333333" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="line-height:13.59375px">A Proposal for Pan-Caucasian Alphabet</span></font></div>
<div style><p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Caucasus or Jabal Al-Alsun ("Mountain of
Tongues"), as it was named in the annals of medieval Arab geographers, is
one of the most prominent places on Earth by the diversity and density of
concentration of languages. The region is home to more than 50 nations, which
belong to five language families. The three of those, namely, the Northwest
Caucasian (West-Caucasian or Abkhaz-Adyghean), Northeast Caucasian (East
Caucasian or Nakh-Dagestanian) and South Caucasian (Kartvelian) families are
confined within the limits of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountain Ranges
and currently comprise 41 languages considered native to the region for at
least four thousand years.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Located amidst the sphere of distribution,
contiguity and mutual influence of the Indo-European, Altaic and Semitic
language families, the Caucasus, presumably due to the peculiarities of the
landform and relative isolation of mountainous regions, was able to preserve a
certain degree of representativeness and sufficient diversity of the three
autochthonous language families, preventing their extinction or reduction to a
language isolate.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Nevertheless, the historical and political
realities, established in the region during the latest 200 years, gravely
threaten the means of development of these languages and even their future
existence. For instance, from the mid-19th century the majority of native
speakers of the NWC languages settled beyond the limits of the Caucasus, being
almost completely deported in consequence of imperial expansion. As a result,
this once multilingual family that was widely and homogeneously spread all over
the Western Caucasus, has presently diminished to a few isolated enclaves with
a shrinking population. The situation is somewhat different in the Eastern
Caucasus, but there also a number of NEC languages presently count a few
thousand of even a few hundred speakers, and being enclosed within one or a few
villages, are reduced to a definitely or severely endangered state.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> The uncertainty of the future of those North
Caucasian languages (NWC and NEC together), which are endangered or under an
imminent threat of extinction, is not only stipulated by the historical,
cultural, political and confessional realities of the Caucasus, but also by
the absence of one of the most essential components that shape the identity of
ethnic communities – a centuries-old written tradition and heritage, that
places these generally small groups into a vulnerable position against cultural
and especially political and religious expansion.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Among the languages of three native families of
the Caucasus, Georgian is the only one to have an uninterrupted centuries-old
written tradition, which originated, by the prevailing opinion, in the 5th
century by virtue of the invention of an authentic alphabet. From other
Caucasian languages, the presently extinct language of Caucasian Albania – the
so-called "Caucasian Albanian" or "Aluanian", "Aghuan",
"Aghvan", which belongs to the Lezgic branch of NEC languages and is
considered to be the direct ancestor of modern Udi, have had an original
written tradition and literature (at least in translation). During the Middle
Ages – in the period of the spread of Islam, an attempt has been made to adapt
a modified version of the Arabic script to some NEC languages. However, due to
various reasons it did not turn fully successful in this linguistic area and
the Arabic script gained limited use.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Standardized writing systems for the North
Caucasian languages have been implemented only in the 20th century. Initially
based upon the Latin script, the adapted alphabets have been shifted to
Cyrillic-shaped graphics during the mid 30s. Unfortunately, both versions do
not match in practice with the phonetics of the Caucasian languages since these
writing systems originated or have been modified to express totally unalike
phonetic structures of the source languages. They are extremely deficient for
the purposes they were intended for, and present serious difficulties not only
for graphical harmony and aesthetics of composition, but also for their
practical application and functionality. More specifically, the limited number
of characters and their insufficient flexibility in graphical modifications
make these writing systems incapable to represent, in an unambiguous way, the
phonetics of the North Caucasian languages, which in their turn possess an
outstanding feature of having one of the richest consonant inventories among
all the languages of the world.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> For instance, the language of the Ubykhs (extinct
since 1992) has 86 consonants and two vowels; the Archi language, presently
reduced to 1200 speakers, distinguishes 81 consonants and 26 vowels (many of
the former do not have exact correspondences in other languages); the consonant
inventory of the Bzyp dialect of Abkhaz includes 68 phonemes, etc.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> All Caucasian languages have a regular three-level
phonation for stops and affricates (voiced, ejective and aspirated voiceless),
whereas the Cyrillic script distinguishes only two levels of phonation (voiced
and unaspirated voiceless) in case of stops and one (aspirated voiceless) in
case of affricates. The Latin alphabet does not represent affricates at all.
However, if the Latin alphabet, with all its drawbacks, acquired a more or less
conventional set of auxiliary signs and supplementary characters due to a wide
usage among a vast number of languages during two millennia, the Cyrillic
script until the 20th century has chiefly been confined to a limited range of a
few Slavic languages sharing similar phonetic traits. And, since writing
systems containing nearly 30 graphemes are essentially unfit for full phonemic
rendition with simultaneous preservation of the alphabetic principle (i.e.
one-to-one correspondence between graphemes and phonemes) in case of languages
possessing 50 phonemes in average, dissimilar sets of symbols often with
illogical combinations were introduced into the alphabets of particular North
Caucasian languages during the adaptation of the Russian script.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Another important reason why these adaptations
fail to be consistent is that this script has evolved in the environment of
Russian language and therefore is specifically intended to express its
pronunciation peculiarities alone. It possesses only two means of alteration of
articulation – palatalization, expressed by the sign ь, and depalatalization,
which is mostly omitted in current orthography, but if necessary, can be marked
by the sign ъ. Meanwhile, the North Caucasian languages feature four different
types of coarticulation – labialization, palatalization, pharyngealization and
labiopharyngealization. Among these only the palatalization can regularly be
expressed using the Russian script. As a result, the other specifics of articulation
are either expressed by graphemes, which in their turn have individual phonetic
values (such as the use of the letters в /v/ and у /u/ to mark the
labialization in most Caucasian languages), or totally omitted in the script.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> For instance, the series of Ubykh postalveolar
affricates and fricatives numbers 22 distinct phonemes, for which there is only
one (!) correspondence in the Cyrillic script – the letter ч (tɕ).
Obviously, this one sign alone is quite insufficient to express the overall
phonemic diversity of this extensive series by means of Cyrillic graphics. Set
aside the letter х, there is no other direct or indirect graphical
correspondence for uvular, pharyngeal, epiglottal and glottal stops,
affricates, fricatives and sonorants, which in Caucasian languages abound.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> As one can see, the quantity of phonemes of these
languages by far exceeds the graphical capabilities of all alphabetic systems
that have previously been proposed for them or are currently in use. Such a
vast phoneme inventory significantly hinders the possibilities of adaptation of
any actual script and constitutes the prime reason for the current project.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">So, it becomes evident that the structural
deficiency of the Latin and Cyrillic writing systems in regard to their adaptation
to the North Caucasian languages had to cause unnecessary functional
complications in expressing these languages by means of the adapted alphabets.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> This can clearly be noticed from the practice of
overuse of constrained di-, tri-, tetra- and pentagraphs (ххьIв, кIкIв, чIчIв,
ххьI, ллъв, гъIв, кхъу, ккв, ххв, къь, гъу, хъу, кIу, жъу etc.), which not only
greatly confuse the orthography, but also undermine the very base of the
alphabetic principal – the systematic and predictable relationship between written
letters, symbols and spoken words.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Note, that a moderate number of di- and trigraphs
does not raise many difficulties for the practical use of a particular writing
system. In German, for instance, there is one trigraph (sch) and even one
tetragraph (tsch), both of which do not perplex the perception of a written
text.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> However, a certain limit exists that, if passed,
may lead to a serious distortion or even a violation of the alphabetic
principle. This is the case in almost all North Caucasian Cyrillic alphabets,
where the quantity of compound combinations often exceeds 50% of the total
letter inventory. For example, 24 out of 69 characters of Adyghe alphabet are
double, and 11 – triple, making in sum 35 compounds, which is more than half of
the total listing with 69:35 ratio. The similar statistics of the other
Caucasian Cyrillic alphabets is as follows: Abaza (74:40), Kabardian (55:25),
Abkhaz (64:24), Akhvakh (56:30), Aghul (69:32), Avar (53:37), Lak (59:25),
Tabasaran (59:25), Tsez (40:14), Chechen (45:16) etc. The Chechen alphabet
alone having merely 45 characters in the presence of 44 authentic vowels and
diphthongs in the language itself, clearly convinces one in the fact that even
at the cost of universal violation of the alphabetic principle and
inappropriate complication of orthography, the given alphabets are unable to
express the phonemic structure of the Caucasian languages even in the least
satisfactory manner.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Hence, it is no surprise that the superposition of
the Russian script over the Caucasian languages resulted in a number of
grammatological discrepancies. One can also add that during the adaptation
procedure an essentially substandard approach was shown in choosing the
characters and their combinations that fails to represent in a similar way the
orthographies of even closely related languages. The inconsistent differences
are such that a few years ago a proposal to unify the orthographies of two
literary versions of Circassian – Adyghe and Kabardian, was presented. The
Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic discussed the issue, but with no
progress whatsoever.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">All above-mentioned complications essentially
limited the means of graphical expression of these languages and led to a
point, where, set aside rare dialectal phonemes, a series of sounds of literary
languages were omitted in a number of alphabets. In many cases, these very same
circumstances also defined the selection of dialects upon which the literary
versions of some Caucasian languages were subsequently based: neither the
extent of geographical distribution, nor the greater number of speakers was the
decision criterion, but the minimal consonant inventory.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> In summary, we may conclude that presently for the
languages of both North Caucasian families there are practically no alphabets
with a satisfactory level of phonematicity. Moreover, in Cyrillic script we
deal with a quite inconsistent system of symbols, the potential of which in
respect of grapheme morphology and structural correspondences is extremely low
and insufficient not only for a simple, practical and phonemically complete
rendition of the North Caucasian languages, but also for their aesthetic graphical
representation.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> The latter is of paramount importance for
psychology of writing and determines the representativeness and competitiveness
of an authentic language under the dominance of another – an official language
with an identical writing system. This can be exemplified in an Adyghe text
that looks as follows:</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> УблапІэм щегъэжьагъэу а ГущыІэр Тхьэм ыдэжь
щыІагъ. Тхьэм а ГущыІэм зэкІэри къыригъэгъэхъугъ... Тхьэм къыгъэхъугъэ пстэуми
ащыщэу а ГущыІэм къыримыгъгъэхъугъэ зи щыІэп.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> There is no need to prove the obvious – that a
similar graphic portrayal of a language can never assist its literary
development.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Besides the imperfection of the writing system or
even its absence, the official status and the cultural dominance of Russian has
a no less considerable impact on the marginalization of the spheres of usage of
the native Caucasian languages, promoting their gradual extinction. A large
number of languages, among which were examples unique by their grammatical and
phonetic properties, either completely died out or are on the brink of
extinction being reduced to a few hundred or thousand of speakers, such as
Archi, Akhvakh, Khinalug, Khwarshi, Tsez, Hinukh, Hunzib, Bezhta, Ghodoberi,
Kryts, Budukh, Udi and many others.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Granting these languages a new impetus and means
for development may be a possible break through the mentioned difficulties. To
achieve this goal we suggest a scientifically valid development of completely
new and well-adapted Caucasian alphabets that are adjusted by the morphology of
symbols and the logic of their modification. At the same time, they must
correspond to the complex intrinsic phonetic features of these languages,
render them with full phonemic representativeness and alphabetical unambiguity,
and at the same time be free from any irrelevant political or cultural context
and enforcing influence.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> The best illustrations to the aforesaid are the
1600-year time-tested alphabets of once dominant languages of the South
Caucasus and the Armenian Highlands – Armenian, Georgian and the extinct and
only recently deciphered Caucasian Albanian. Among the writing systems of the
world, these three alphabets are distinguished by their highest level of
grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence and are listed among the phonetically most
perfect. Caucasian Albanian, inter alia, was the only language of the South
Caucasus possessing phonetic features similar to the North Caucasian languages
and an ancient alphabet adapted to it.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Throughout the centuries, the viability of the
Armenian and Georgian alphabets, alongside with the power of tradition and some
peculiarities of the identity of these two nations, was supported by the
fundamental fact: they reflect the phonetics of these languages with the
highest level of perfection. These alphabets were never superseded by the
Greek, Aramaic, Arabic, Russian or Latin scripts, as they weren't adopted or
modified, but from the beginning developed on the basis of a meticulous
scientific analysis of the phonetics of Armenian and Georgian (as well as
Caucasian Albanian).</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> In their triunity, these remarkable examples of
cultural heritage of the contemporary Caucasian region once unified the three
nation-states of the South Caucasus and the Armenian Highlands in a common but
mutually independent and unique writing tradition. The current project is an
attempt to restore former triunity, which has been interrupted after one of its
essential parts – the Caucasian Albanian alphabet became obsolete and fell into
oblivion.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Hence, we set forth the idea to introduce completely
original, easily legible, and most importantly – phonetically perfect and
grammatologically thorough writing systems for the North Caucasian linguistic
area, based on the character forms and graphical principles of construction of
the alphabets of geographically adjacent and historically akin South Caucasus.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> If formulated properly, this problem, however
complicated it may seem, does not cause principal difficulties. With an
appropriate political will and flexible approach, it might have had a
satisfactory solution as early as in the beginning of the 20th century.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Thus, pooling together the available scientific
research on the Caucasian phonology and summarizing the general pattern of the
overall phonetic diversity of these families within single terminology, we have
constructed phonetically complete featural alphabets, based on a peculiar usage
of the morphological principles of construction of millennial South Caucasian
alphabets.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> For this purpose the whole grammatological and
constructive potential of these writing systems was revealed and analyzed, and,
based on their generalized grapheme matrix, a solid and thoroughly arranged
regular system of characters was proposed. It has exceptional properties for
precise and alphabetically unequivocal rendition of all phonetic peculiarities
of the North Caucasian languages possessing the largest consonant inventory
among all the languages of the world. The set of distinct rules for grapheme
formation enables one to remember a large number of visual forms with no
difficulty whatsoever.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> To achieve maximum efficiency, two similar, but
mutually independent generalized sets of characters for NWC and NEC language
families are introduced, wherefrom the specific alphabets for the particular
languages are subsequently deduced.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Additionally, for the Ossetic language alike,
which is an integral part of the Caucasian heritage, an independent alphabet
sharing the features of both the newly developed North Caucasian and the
ancient Transcaucasian alphabets has been created.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Thus, we attempt to give a new and historically
sound unity and continuity to the millennial writing culture of the Caucasian
region, a new impulse to the development of greater speech communities, as well
as viability for preservation and future revival to smaller ones currently on
the verge of extinction. Unlike all previous attempts, the developed featural
alphabets are not adopted, and they do not copy the writing of any
linguo-cultural, religious or political order directly or indirectly reducing
to a secondary position the original and unique Caucasian languages.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> They are aimed to renew and reinterpret the
distinct historical, linguistic, cultural and philosophical heritage of the
South and North Caucasus in a united and coherent Caucasian context.</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> </font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The specific alphabets, derived to fit the
phonetics of particular Caucasian languages, can be found in the book,
published in Armenian and Russian languages:</font></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Վազգեն Ղազարյան, Համակովկասյան այբուբենի նախագիծ.</font></p>
<p class=""><span lang="RU"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Вазген
Казарян. Проект общекавказского алфавита.</font></span></p>
<p class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Vazgen Ghazaryan. A Proposal for Pan-Caucasian
Alphabet. Yerevan, 2012, ISBN 978-9939-0-0603-1.</font></p></div><div style><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div style><br></div></div>