<div dir="ltr"><div class=""><p>“Afrikaans and English no longer ‘white
languages’,” read a press release from the SA Institute of Race
Relations this week. The analysis of data from the 2011 census indicates
that only 40% of South Africans who speak Afrikaans at home are white,
while less than 34% of those who speak English at home are white. While
isiZulu remains the most commonly-spoken language by quite a wide
margin, it is English which is leading the way as the most preferred
teaching language. By REBECCA DAVIS.</p></div>
<p>The idea that Afrikaans and English are no longer
the sole province of white South Africans may makes for a sexy sound
bite, but the truth is that this doesn’t represent a major shift in
South African language use over the last decade, particularly when it
comes to Afrikaans. The results of Census 2001 found that 13,3% of South
Africans spoke Afrikaans at home, and by the time Census 2011 rolled
around, this figure had risen only fractionally, to 13,5%.</p>
<p>The popularity of English as a home language has grown slightly more
significantly, from 8,2% in 2001 to 9,6% in 2011, and this spurt has
allowed English to move up a rung in the popularity chart. In 2001,
English was tied for the fifth most spoken home language with Setswana,
after isiZulu, isiXhosa, Afrikaans and Sepedi. By 2011, English was
beating out both Sepedi and Setswana as the fourth most popular home
language.</p>
<p>Possibly the more interesting finding, however, is the degree to
which English is dominating the South African education system. Of the
12,2 million South African school pupils, just 850,000 (7%) speak
English at home. But the SAIRR’s 2012 South Africa Survey, drawing on
figures from the Department of Basic Education, found that 7,6 million
of them (around 64%) wish to be taught in English. When it comes to
Afrikaans, similarly, more pupils want to be taught in the language
(11%) than speak it at home (9%), though it lags far behind English as a
desired medium of instruction.</p>
<p>The reverse is evident for African languages. Only one third of the
3.1 million pupils who speak Zulu at home choose to receive teaching in
their home language. As a whole, the South Africa Survey suggests, “only
between a quarter and a third of pupils who speak an African language
at home learn in that language”. While most pupils begin their education
at the foundation phase in an African language, the switch to either
English or Afrikaans tends to happen as early as Grade 4.</p>
<p>SAIRR researcher Thuthukani Ndebele said that the overwhelming
dominance of English in the South African public school system is
unsurprising, “reflecting a global trend for the preference of the
language”. Ndebele notes that at least one in four people in the world
speak English to some level of competence.</p>
<p>But language has always been a thorny issue in a South African
context, and pragmatism of this kind has often not been considered
sufficient to swing the debate. For illustration of just how heated
these issues can become, South Africans have never had to look further
than 16 June 1976, when the spark that lit the tinder box that was the
Soweto Riots was the decision taken by the National Party government
that Afrikaans should be a compulsory medium of instruction in secondary
schools within the Department of Basic Education. That day is a
powerful reminder of the significance and centrality of language to
national identity.</p>
<p>In South Africa today, English is not just dominant in the education
system, but also as the language of power. IsiZulu may be spoken in the
greatest number of South African homes, but it is English that is heard
in the corridors of power. Parliamentary proceedings are carried out
overwhelmingly in English; Hansard, the record of what is said in
Parliament, is published in English; and all addresses of national
importance – like the state of the nation address, or the annual budget
speech – are given in English. This echoes the situation all over
post-colonial Africa, where the official language of communication has
generally been the language of the former colonial power (mainly
English, French of Portuguese), even though knowledge of these languages
may be minimal.</p>
<p>There are, of course, consequences to this if the majority of the
population is not sufficiently fluent in the language of power. In <em>Language in South Africa: The Role of Language in National Transformation</em>
(2002), University of Pretoria linguist Victor Webb makes the point
that such languages can become substantial barriers to much of the
population accessing their national rights and privileges, and also to
accessing the country’s formal economy.</p>
<p>In South Africa, it hasn’t always been either English or Afrikaans
that presented a ticket into the formal economy. For the first
one-and-a-half centuries of the Dutch occupation of the Cape, it was
Dutch. “Anyone who wanted to do business with the Dutch authority had to
display knowledge of Dutch,” writes Nkonko Kamwangamalu in “When 2 + 9
+1: English and the Politics of Language Planning in a Multilingual
Society”. The situation was flipped when English replaced Dutch as the
language of rule in the Cape Colony from 1806 onwards.</p>
<p>With the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910, English
and Dutch were technically bestowed equal status, with Afrikaans added
as a part of Dutch in 1925, but in practice English retained top billing
until Afrikaners took power in 1948. At that point, knowledge of
Afrikaans became a requirement of entry into the civil service. The
major reason why many black people spoke out strongly against being
educated solely in African languages during Apartheid was because they
spied in this policy the intention of the Nats to block them from entry
into high-prestige jobs that required knowledge of English and
Afrikaans. The late Neville Alexander wrote that education in indigenous
languages “came to be equated in the minds of most black people with
inferiority and racial ghettoization”.</p>
<p>Today access to the top rungs of South Africa’s formal economy still
generally requires a fluency in English or Afrikaans, and linguistic
proficiency becomes another proxy for race or class in contexts like job
interviews. “In all post-colonial societies,” wrote Alexander,
“knowledge of the conquerors’ language [becomes] a vital component of
the ‘cultural capital’ of the neo-colonial elite. It was and remains
their knowledge of English and/or French that sets them apart from the
vast majority of their African compatriots and which keeps them and
their offspring in the privileged middle and upper classes.”</p>
<p>English is often presented as a kind of equaliser – a neutral global <em>lingua franca </em>which
just happens to be the most practical way for people to communicate. Of
course, there is little neutral about it: English is the language of
global corporatism, which is exactly why there are strong practical
reasons for South Africans to learn the language well – however much you
might decry its use as the vehicle of imperialism, globalisation and a
host of other ills.</p>
<p>“English is not a solution to the unravelling of ‘unequal power’
relations in the world but an integral part of the problem,” writes
linguist Richard Alexander; but he notes, too, that when people want to
hold a protest banner up to an international TV camera, the writing in
that banner will often be in English. As is evident in the history of
South Africa, English can be used both to oppress and liberate.</p>
<p>When Sibusiso Bengu, then the minister of education, announced South
Africa’s new language policy in education in 1997 he declared that it
was aimed at, among other things, “creating an environment in which
respect for languages other than one’s own would be encouraged”. The
learning of two or more languages should be general practice, he stated,
to “counter any particularistic ethnic chauvinism”. He saw the end
result as both important and simple: “Being multilingual should be a
defining characteristic of being South African.”</p>
<p>What the dominance of English in the education system today suggests
is more that a functional division of languages is likely to be
increasingly entrenched. In other words, future South Africans are
likely to see English as the language of business, science, technology,
politics and so on, whereas indigenous African languages may be
increasingly relegated to the domestic sphere. This will presumably
allow the English-learning pupils of today to take their place as the
“global citizens” of tomorrow, but not everyone will be convinced it’s a
great idea.</p>
In 1995 the Ghanaian sociologist Kwesi Prah wrote: “One cannot
underemphasise the fact that unless the generation of knowledge,
discourse and knowledge transfer is effected in the language of the
masses, the conditions of the masses cannot be transformed.”<br><br><a href="http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-04-24-sas-shifting-language-landscape/#.UXf0kkr4KSo">http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-04-24-sas-shifting-language-landscape/#.UXf0kkr4KSo</a><br clear="all">
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