<div dir="ltr">The Gypsies of Slovakia: Despised and Despairing<br>By STEVEN ERLANGER<br>Published: April 03, 2000<br><br><br>Darina Horvathova, 23, lives with her baby on the crumbling remains of an abandoned iron and mercury mine, without a husband, a job or indoor plumbing. The soil, under the mounds of uncollected trash, is known to be contaminated. But 500 Gypsies, or Roma as they are also known, live here in sickness and squalor in the shadow of a factory shut down when Communism died.<br>
<br>The factory itself is now nothing but a broken concrete shell, having been dismantled for construction materials by the people here.<br><br>Some live in wooden sheds; some in crumbling, filthy structures built for mineworkers in 1918. There is one water tap for the whole settlement, no toilets and not a single garbage container.<br>
<br>''The government doesn't care about us at all,'' said Miss Horvathova, standing in a path of oily mud and trash. ''They could put down some pebbles or pick up the garbage,'' she said. ''Anything you put on is dirty immediately. Is this life?''<br>
<br>Cyril and Petr Horvath, 26 and 23, both went to school, and Cyril trained as a bricklayer. But neither has a job. In fact, no Gypsy here has a regular job. ''We want to work, but there is no work,'' said Cyril Horvath. ''When you show up, they take one look at you, and that's it. They take only whites.''<br>
<br>Worsening conditions for Gypsies throughout Eastern Europe have caused thousands to try to emigrate, quickly wearing out any welcome from Western Europe. Their flight has created new pressure, most recently in Britain, to tighten visa, immigration and asylum rules to keep them out.<br>
<br>Alojz Dunka, 58, is the unofficial mayor of this settlement on the outskirts of Rudnany, a town about seven miles east of Spisska Nova Ves, in the mountains of northeast Slovakia. He worked at the mine, which was shut down in 1992. ''It was much better under Communism,'' he said. ''Even with discrimination, it was possible to live. Democracy has brought us nothing but crisis.''<br>
<br>Mr. Dunka, a widower still too young to get a pension, now lives on a state subsidy of 1,600 crowns a month, or $40. ''I haven't bought a new shirt in years,'' he said, fingering the greasy, unraveling collar of the one he wore. ''A new shirt costs 400 crowns. Try living on 1,600 crowns.''<br>
<br>His deputy, Stefan Ziga, 42, said: ''People tell us we live terrible lives and scold us, but what can we do? We didn't shut down the mine or the factory. The soil and the buildings are contaminated, and kids live in this and get sick and die.''<br>
<br>Mr. Dunka said, ''The government talks and talks but nobody helps us.''<br><br>In the 11 years since Communism crumbled in 1989, Slovakia has struggled with privatization and restructuring, closing many factories that showed no profits and had too many workers. A system where work was compulsory but at least put bread on the table has been replaced by one where open discrimination keeps Gypsies from being hired.<br>
<br>Recently, two towns in this part of Slovakia, Nagov and Rokytovce, adopted resolutions forbidding Gypsies from settling on their territory.<br><br>Slovakia is notorious for its treatment of Gypsies, who make up some 10 percent of its five million population. Discrimination, including police mistreatment and beatings, has been reinforced by the post-Communist rise of skinheads and other neo-fascist groups who, as in the neighboring Czech Republic and Hungary, single out the Gypsies and are rarely punished.<br>
<br>According to Claude Cahn, research director for the European Roma Rights Center, a nonprofit foundation based in Budapest, ''Slovakia is deeply segregated, with unabashed, open hatred.'' In a letter to the new Slovak prime minister, Mikulas Dzurinda, the foundation described ''a pattern of arbitrary use of state power against the Roma,'' including police raids, beatings and at least one killing of a Gypsy man in police custody.<br>
<br>In a report due out soon, Amnesty International describes ''punitive police raids'' against Gypsy settlements, with dogs at dawn, apartments damaged and inhabitants beaten. Rudnany was raided in July 1998; in Zehra in December 1999, a 13-year-old boy was shot in the leg, kitchen knives were impounded as weapons and the local Gypsy leader, Jozef Mizigar, was put under house arrest. In March, Jan Ondo and Michal Badzo, two Gypsies from Michalovce, 35 miles east of Kosice, were beaten by the police at the station and hospitalized with fractures. In a statement to local television, the police said there had been ''a mistake'' and apologized.<br>
<br>Mr. Dzurinda, elected 18 months ago to replace the populist Vladimir Meciar, has promised to protect the rights of minorities, in particular the Gypsies. Mr. Meciar had called the Gypsies ''mental retards.''<br>
<br>In September, the new government published a ''strategy'' to solve ''the problems of the Roma national minority.''<br><br>But ''prejudice and xenophobia are widespread'' and money is scarce, says Vincent Denihel, the government's representative for the Gypsies. Mr. Denihel, himself a Gypsy, is considered to have little power in the government, and he still speaks of plans and studies and strategies and approaches. But he is proud that some 40 Gypsies are now being trained to enter the police academy. ''The government is aware of how complicated the situation is,'' Mr. Denihel said. ''We do not expect to solve the Roma problem in the short term.''<br>
<br>But the national government will get little help from the officials of Rudnany.<br><br>The mayor, Miroslav Blistan, and his deputy, Ladislav Sabo, are both former managers of the mine and former Communists -- and both now are evangelical Protestants. They think life was better under socialism, when the mines and factories worked, no matter the cost to the state. As for the Gypsies, they speak of them with open racial prejudice.<br>
<br>Mr. Blistan, a jolly man of 64 with a big office, a lavender jacket and a dirty maroon tie, said the mine was running down under the Communists. ''But then the wise ones were elected and it collapsed,'' he said bitterly. ''The democrats liquidated it,'' along with 3,000 jobs.<br>
<br>Mr. Sabo brandished a handwritten chart of the changing ethnic makeup of the town. Many Slovaks have left for jobs elsewhere and the rest are having fewer children, while Gypsies, who have nearly no work at all here, have more children. ''What we need is a Chinese fertility program,'' said Mr. Sabo, who then began to giggle.<br>
<br>When asked if he meant forced sterilization, he giggled again, waving his chart. In 1970, he pointed out, Rudnany had 6,300 people and only 200 Gypsies. Now it has 3,100 people, 1,040 of them Gypsies. ''This year,'' he said, meaning last year, ''there were 64 Roma kids born and only 14 white kids.''<br>
<br>Mr. Blistan said: ''All these people you're talking about have been procreated. My deputy works with them, but I can't debate with them anymore. They just want to see how much money the state will give them. A Roma just goes to the post office once a month to pick up money.''<br>
<br>The Gypsies, badly educated and not easily led, do not vote in anything like a self-interested block, here or anywhere in Slovakia. ''Blistan tells us lies and throws us a barbecue and a lot of Roma vote for him,'' said Mr. Dunka, with disgust.<br>
<br>Asked about garbage collection, Mr. Blistan burst into laughter. ''I'd give them containers, but they don't want to pay for garbage collection, so what can I do?'' he asked, smiling broadly. As for sanitation, he said: ''Two times they built sewers but they were clogged. I don't know what they put in them -- horse skins or whatever.'' Mr. Sabo giggled again.<br>
<br>As for water, Mr. Blistan said, ''the law says we have to give everyone water, but they don't want to pay for it.'' He renewed the contract, ''but they owe 40,000 crowns,'' or $1,000.<br>
<br>Mr. Dunka says the settlement pays 600 crowns a month for water. Mr. Blistan said he gets on fine with Mr. Dunka. ''But he has no authority among them, because he's not a usurer and doesn't have money.''<br>
<br>Mr. Blistan said he was planning new housing for the Gypsies, which turned out to mean the renovation of more mineworkers' housing. Mr. Dunka and other Gypsies say the buildings are already on condemned, poisoned land.<br>
<br>Karol Kanalos, a Gypsy in a private machinery business with two Slovak partners, said that despite happy talk from the state, ''there is no effort to do anything, because they don't take us seriously.''<br>
<br>If an airplane ticket cost only $50, he said, ''we'd all leave this place.'' He laughed sourly. ''Most of us don't consider Slovakia our country.''<br><br>What is your country? ''I can't give you an answer,'' he said. ''But I can't say Slovakia. This country doesn't guarantee us a life.''<br>
<br><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/03/world/the-gypsies-of-slovakia-despised-and-despairing.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/03/world/the-gypsies-of-slovakia-despised-and-despairing.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm</a><br clear="all">
<br>-- <br>=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br>
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