<div dir="ltr"><h5>Language Endangerment: Language Policy and Planning</h5>
<b>Friday, 26 July 2013</b><br>
Location: <b>CRASSH, Alison Richard Building, 7 West Road, Cambridge CB3 9DT</b><br>
<p>
</p><p><strong>Nana Ama Agyeman</strong> (SOAS) and <strong>Nana Aba Amfo</strong> (Ghana). <br>
<em>The language policy of education in Ghana: implications for minority languages</em><br>
</p>
<p>The current government’s policy on the language of basic education in
Ghana allows for a bilingual approach; where English, the official yet
non-indigenous language of the country, is used in combination with a
Ghanaian language. Given the linguistic diversity in the country,
presented through the existence of over seventy indigenous languages,
not every language is used in the educational system. This paper
examines the challenges that the country’s language policy of basic
education pose for the survival of minority languages such as Efutu
(Niger-Congo, Kwa, South Guan). During a language documentation
fieldwork in Winneba where Efutu is the native language, a survey in
selected schools revealed that Efutu is not used in any aspect of the
school curricular. Rather, a dominant language, Fante (Niger-Congo, Kwa,
Akan) is used as the Ghanaian language option. It was further disclosed
that the use/speaking of Efutu is prohibited in schools: a potential
threat to the language. Significantly, the paper does not aim at
condemning the current policy but rather it seeks to draw attention to
its weaknesses and calls for its improvement, especially in the
direction of an explicit protection of minority languages.<br>
<br><strong>Elisabeth Barakos</strong> (WUWien)<br>
<em>The promotion of Welsh in business – a discursive approach to language policy</em><br>
</p>
<p>This paper applies a critical discourse analytic perspective to
situate, analyse and interpret the production, dissemination and
consumption of the discourse on promoting Welsh in businesses in Wales
by combining Shohamy’s (2006) framework of overt and covert policy
mechanisms with the Discourse-Historical Approach to Critical Discourse
Analysis (e.g. Reisigl and Wodak 2009). Language policy is thus
addressed from a discursive angle and starts from the essential premise
that policies are constituted, enacted, interpreted and
(re)contextualised in and through language. In this paper, I aim to put
forward a way to classify how and where language policy occurs and
explore the relationship between ideologies encountered in top-down
Welsh government language strategies, corporate language schemes of
Welsh firms and the lived ideologies of managers of such firms. Cardiff
and Bangor are the contexts for my empirical research, which
triangulates questionnaire data, semi-structured interviews and a range
of language policy documents.<br>
<br><strong>Sebastian Bednarowicz</strong> (Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland).<br>
<em>Standardization of the Turoyo Language by Using the Latin Alphabet: Does it Make Sense?</em><br>
</p>
<p>The main purpose of this paper is describing attempts of
standardization of Turoyo (being one of the Neo-Aramaic languages) by
using the Latin letters. The Neo-Aramaic in its regional varieties is
today spoken by relatively small communities scattered in the Middle
East. However the large portion of its users lives in such Western
European countries as Sweden or Germany, as well as in the USA and in
the countries of the former USSR. So far only the dialect of Iranian
Urmia became a literary language for the large part of Eastern Arameans.
It is written with the help of modified Syriac script.<br>
In this paper it will be described another attempt of standardization of
the Aramaic language though based on the Latin alphabet and made among
the communities of Aramaic speaking immigrants in the Western Europe.
The following issues will be brought up:<br>
<br>1. social attitude to the new writing systems and to the new literary language itself<br>
2. problems of orthography/orthographies<br>
3. Internet as a tool for promotion of Turoyo written in Latin letters <br>
4. state support for preserving and development of Turoyo in Sweden and in Germany<br>
5. main publications in the new literary language<br>
<br><strong>Lucia Brandi </strong>(Liverpool)<br>
<em>The politics of language maintenance: the case of Kgoyom Totonaco in Mexico</em></p>
<p>Speakers of indigenous languages in Mexico (MIL) are now less than
one tenth of the population; around two-thirds of MIL are endangered,
the rest vulnerable. The decline is intimately bound up with the project
to construct national identity out of a vast, ethnolinguistically
diverse population. In the light of political unrest and rural rebellion
in recent decades, this project has been rearticulated into one of
national heritage. In 2003, Mexico introduced apparently vanguard
legislation to recognise MIL; however there is concern at increasing
commodification of MIL communities in eco-tourism initiatives, and the
implications of what is euphemistically described as ‘intercultural’
education. In this paper, the experiences of young Totonaco bilinguals
at an independent, ideologically-driven rural school will be explored.
The school, set up by Totonaco elders but run by a Spanish-speaking
director, draws on principles of critical pedagogy to marry education
with socio-political action. Using external support, the school has set
up a Totonaco publishing project to support community literacy. The
school’s history and context highlight the contradictions of state
language-in-education policy, bring into sharp focus the political
content of language maintenance, and challenge linguists to engage with
speakers of endangered languages in more than just the defence of
language.<br>
<br><strong>Ya-ling Chang</strong> (National I-lan University)<br>
<em>Linguistic Landscape in Taiwanese Indigenous Communities</em><br>
</p>
<p>This paper investigates the signage displayed in public spaces of
twenty Taiwanese indigenous communities, including signs and posters
found within schools. The aim of this study is to understand the
implicit dimension of how the properties of indexicality of language
scripts and related semiotics are presented to construct ideologies and
sociocultural identity which shape and are shaped by the wider context
of the social structures. This paper will also examine what semiotic
forms have been adopted for the distribution of symbolic values between
the various languages and cultures, undergoing the processes of
multicultural development. It is assumed that the interaction between
the linguistic and the semiotic elements effectively enables the signage
to serve as an instrument of inclusion and exclusion, thereby
contributing to the production and reproduction of sociopolitical and
cultural equality and inequality. The data subjected to multimodal
discourse analysis includes a corpus of permanent street and building
signage, together with salient semiotic displays in the public spaces
for community members. The analysis of the texts sheds light on the
processes of aboriginal language policy formation and makes more visible
the power relations between the dominant and the dominated.<br>
<br><strong>Josep Cru</strong> (Newcastle) <br>
<em>Exploring grassroots efforts to revitalise Yucatec Maya in Mexico</em><br>
</p>
<p>As a consequence of growing indigenous mobilisation in Mexico,
particularly after the Zapatista uprising in 1994, there have been
significant legislative changes concerning indigenous languages and
cultures in Mexico. Thus, article 2 of the Mexican Constitution was
amended in 2001 to acknowledge the contribution of indigenous peoples to
the multicultural composition of that country. In 2003 the Law of
Education was reformed to include a paragraph stating that speakers of
indigenous languages will have access to compulsory education both in
their own language and in Spanish. Also in 2003, the General Law on
Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples was approved, becoming the first
official legislative text that explicitly addresses the promotion of
indigenous languages in Mexico. Two years later the National Institute
of Indigenous Languages (INALI) was created in Mexico City with the aim
of cataloguing and standardising the indigenous languages of Mexico.
These top down initiatives, which stem from official institutions, may
have a positive impact on the public recognition of indigenous languages
in Mexico but they have enormous limitations for actual revitalisation
of linguistic practices on the ground. Against this background, this
presentation looks at current efforts to promote Maya in alternative
domains of use such as the Internet, and particularly social media.
Adopting an ethnographic perspective, this presentation explores
grassroots initiatives that focus on local contexts, horizontal
linguistic practices and speakers as final agents of language
management. <br>
<br><strong>Andrew James Davies</strong> and <strong>Prysor Mason Davies</strong> (Aberystwyth)<br>
<em>Perceptions and attitudes amongst bilingual post-16 students in Wales towards Welsh-medium Study.</em><br>
</p>
<p>In spite of continued growth in Welsh-medium education during the
statutory phases of education, the extent of Welsh-medium provision in
Further Education colleges, and take-up among post-16 students, has
remained relatively low in recent years. The Welsh Government’s
Welsh-Medium Education Strategy (2010) - the first of its kind -
identified challenging targets for the expansion of such provision in
the post-16 sector. This paper reports on the findings of an applied
research study, commissioned by the Welsh Language Board, the aim of
which was to identify areas of effective practice in promoting post-16
bilingual and Welsh-medium learning to students in Further Education
colleges in Wales. The research included focus groups with Welsh-English
bilingual post-16 students, conducted at eight different Further
Education colleges across Wales. The groups explore the students’ career
and academic aspirations; their attitudes towards studying in both
English and Welsh; and reveal their perceptions about the value and
status conferred upon both languages in various occupational and
academic sectors. The discussions also address students' own awareness
of the importance of Welsh-medium education in language revitalisation,
and explore their own choices in the context of this debate. <br>
<br><strong>Margaret Deuchar</strong> and <strong>Kevin Donnelly</strong> (Bangor)<br>
<em>A model for evaluating the health of minority languages</em></p>
<p>This paper argues that linguists can play a role in contributing to
language policy by collecting and analysing corpora of minority language
use, often alongside the use of the majority language in the form of
code-switching. We will describe a proposal for developing a diagnostic
tool to provide a prognosis for the future of minority languages using
techniques from corpus linguistics. The approach involves use of the
automatic glossing of transcribed corpora to extract clause-size units
and then automatic analysis of the clauses in terms of their language
composition and morphosyntactic frame. This will be illustrated with
reference to work that has already been done on the Siarad Welsh-English
corpus (see <a href="http://bangortalk.org.uk">bangortalk.org.uk</a>). Automatic analysis of data from 148
speakers has shown that Welsh is the source language for the vast
majority of words in the corpus, and that monolingual Welsh clauses make
up the majority of the clauses. Welsh also provides the morphosyntactic
frame of almost all bilingual clauses. These results arguably provide
an optimistic prognosis for the future of the Welsh language. We will
outline our plans to apply similar techniques to corpora of other
minority languages where a less positive prognosis is expected.<br>
<br><strong>Nicole Dołowy-Rybińska</strong> (Polish Academy of Sciences)<br>
<em>Language Policy versus the needs of young Kashubs</em><br>
<br>Kashubs, the autochthonous minority of Poland, have suffered for
many years because of their localization in the Polish-German border
conflict zone. Depending on the political arrangement, Kashubs were
subject to Germanization or Polonization, particularly prevalent during
the time of communism in Poland (1945-1989). The Kashubian language was
considered a patois of Polish therefore speaking Kashubian was forbidden
and derided. The new democratic political system in Poland resulted in a
change of treatment of the Kashubian language. Kashubian has been
recognized officially since 2005 as the only regional language in
Poland. As a result of this recognition ‘Kashubian Language Policy and
Planning’ processes were instigated: with the Commission of the
Kashubian Language, and the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association working on a
strategy for the Kashubian language. Although the young generation can
learn Kashubian in school, Kashubian is rarely, and for some only, the
language of home communication today. This report presents the results
of anthropological research in Kashubia in 2012 related to the attitudes
of young Kashubs concerning their ethnic language and culture, and the
motivations of their engagement in the life of this minority. I will try
to indicate where the language policy conducted by Poland and by the
Kashubian-Pomeranian Association meets the young people’s expectations,
and where it is divergent.<br>
<br><strong>Stuart Dunmore</strong> (Edinburgh) <br>
<em>Planning for the future of an endangered language: Gaelic-medium education in Scotland</em><br>
<br>Gaelic-medium education (GME) started in 1985 with classes opening
in Glasgow and Inverness, and expanded throughout the late 1980s and
1990s, becoming established in communities throughout Scotland. Since
then hundreds of children have come through the system, and GME is often
regarded as one of the principal means by which the language can be
revitalised. Until recently little has been known about the degree to
which adults who received GME actually use Gaelic or identify personally
with the language after formal schooling. Some theorists are
particularly critical of an over-reliance on the school in attempting to
reverse language shift; while schools clearly have a role to play, it
is thought that they may become an environment of partial language
acquisition alone, while failing to provide lasting socialisation into
the language. The aim of my research, based on 46 semi-structured
interviews, is to uncover the longer-term effects of the Gaelic-medium
classroom. Through an analysis of informants’ discourses my
investigation will address the following primary research questions: how
do former-GME students engage with Gaelic in the present day? And what
sets of attitudes and language ideologies do they hold, particularly in
relation to their cultural identities as young Gaelic speakers in
Scotland? <br>
<br><strong>Lorena Fontaine</strong> (Winnipeg)<em><br>
The Life of Aboriginal peoples Comes from our Languages: Indigenous Language Rights in Canada</em><br>
</p>
<p>Indigenous ancestral languages are the lifeblood of Indigenous
identities, cultures, and communities in Canada. For Indigenous peoples,
expressive and rich cultural epistemologies – that devise the
foundation of Indigenous societies – are embedded in these languages.
Unique kinship systems and relationships that provide the basis for law,
government, and ceremonies are derived from concepts that are embedded
in the languages. The history of the land is derived from name places,
stories and songs too. Simply said, ancestral languages are one of the
single most important vessels in Indigenous cultures. At the moment,
Canada’s Constitution Act of 1982 recognizes only French and English
languages as suitable for unique status and rights. My paper will focus
on the legal and cultural aspects of two distinct Indigenous language
communities of the Cree and the Ojibway in Manitoba. The main argument
of my paper is that in spite of the limited legal recognition and
protection from Canadian law, Cree and Ojibway customary law serves as
the foundation for their language rights. A brief examination of the
important role birch-bark scrolls play in the recording and ultimately
the preservation of oral history will further my discussions on
Indigenous customary law. <br>
<br><strong>Fabienne Goalabré</strong> (Highlands and Islands)<br>
<em>Language policy successes without the expected impact on language
revitalization: Immersion education in Brittany and in the Western Isles
of Scotland</em><br>
<br>Many endangered languages are enjoying an improved status. Most
states in the western world encourage their revitalization through the
implementation of state intervention programmes, namely schools. For
Baker (2003), García (2009), bilingual education provides a way to
produce speakers when intergenerational transmission is failing. The
present research sits within the context of growing concerns about the
impact of immersion schools on the vitality of minority languages
(Fishman (1991); Edwards (2004, 2007)). It explores many factors
informing the decisions of the parents such as their socio-economic
profile, language background and patterns of language use. The
research, mainly conducted by a structured interview schedule, deals
with two minority languages: Breton in western Brittany and Gaelic in
the core Gaelic-speaking area of Scotland. The aim of this paper is to
explain that immersion schools mainly represent an educational choice:
most parents do not expect to use the minority language as their home
language. Consequently, the taught language remains a school language,
used only during teaching time , without community links. <br>
The exploration of the parental aspect goes some way to explain why
language planners need to have a comprehensive understanding of the
language situation and the attitudes of its first language speakers in
order to design effective language policies. <br>
<br><strong>Lenore A. Grenoble</strong> (The University of Chicago & Inuit Circumpolar Council, Canada)<br>
<em>The Arctic Indigenous Language Initiative: Leveraging Policy to Effect Change<br>
</em><br>
Language shift is an integral part of cultural disruption in the
circumpolar Arctic: of the 50 or so indigenous languages spoken in the
region, all but Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic; iso-639 kal) are
endangered. The present talk reports on an indigenous-driven project,
the Arctic Indigenous Language Initiative (AILI), that is working to
reverse language shift through active engagement and collaboration
throughout the circumpolar region. The stakeholders see policy change as
integral to any significant and sustained change in Arctic language
ecologies. At the same time, external researchers—linguists and
scientists alike—are similarly trying to engage political leaders and
policy makers to effect change. The most recent Arctic Biodiversity
Assessment, presented to the Arctic Council in May 2013 (see Barry et
al. 2013) is an example of an attempt to present linguistic data in a
format argue for supporting and maintaining diversity.<br>
Arctic indigenous peoples are perhaps uniquely organized within the
world today in a way that potentially empowers them to take action. The
eight Arctic nation states are organized into the Arctic Council, an
intergovernmental political council consisting of the eight member
states (Canada, Denmark (including Greenland and the Faroe Islands),
Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United
States). The Arctic Council includes the Permanent Participants, the
six indigenous organizations which represent Arctic peoples: Aleut
International Association; the Arctic Athabaskan Council; Gwich’in
Council International; the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC); the Saami
Council; and the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North
(RAIPON). <br>
The AILI is defined and determined by the Permanent Participants,
stemming from 2008 when they convened to establish an action plan. This
meeting laid the foundation of the AILA, a collaborative effort between
researchers, representatives from Arctic Indigenous organizations and
Arctic governments, language activists, and policy makers. While the
long-term goal is to achieve vitality and sustainability for Arctic
indigenous languages, the first measures center around assessment in
three key areas: (1) Arctic language policy; (2) language pedagogy and
education; and (3) language vitality. Fundamental to this initiative is
the plan to leverage our findings to achieve policy change across the
Arctic. <br>
<br><strong>Barry, Tom, Lenore A. Grenoble & Finnur Friðriksson</strong>; with contributing authors Carl Chr. Olsen puju, Tero Mustonen. 2013. <br>
<em>Linguistic diversity. In Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and
trends in Arctic biodiversity, 431-441. Akureyri: Conservation of Arctic
Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Arctic Council.</em><br>
<a href="http://arcticbiodiversity.is/index.php/the-report/chapters/linguistics-diversity">http://arcticbiodiversity.is/index.php/the-report/chapters/linguistics-diversity</a><br>
<br><strong>Aurélie Joubert</strong> (Leicester)<br>
<em>The interface between macro and micro levels: language ideologies and attitudes in Catalan and Occitan speakers</em></p>
<p>This paper intends to explore some contrasts in the past and present
Occitan and Catalan revitalisation campaigns and their effects on
speakers. These two closely related minority languages, both spoken in
France and in Spain, have very distinct life prospects which would tend
to indicate a relative success story for Catalan language planners and a
continuous threat of extinction for Occitan (Paulston 1987). This
disparity, due to different national language policies and to some
essential dissimilarity in the historico-political and socio-economic
power of the marginalised communities is also paralleled with a
different perception of the defence of the minoritised languages.
Indeed, linguistic activism is strongly tinted with political activism
in the southern part of Catalonia whereas the Occitanist movement has
always lacked strong political back-up and has focused on elevating the
prestige of ‘patois’ by emphasising its glorious past literature
(Courouau 2005; Lafont 1997; Rafanell 2006). This historical and
comparative take will allow us to examine the interface between national
language policies, the language ideologies underlying the various
messages aimed at promoting language revitalisation, and the speakers'
attitudes. The transnational dimension adds an interesting element of
contrast which will be investigated through the analysis of interviews
with Occitan speakers. <br>
<br><strong>Jonathan Kasstan</strong> (Kent) <br>
<em>Towards a pan-regional orthography for obsolescent Francoprovençal</em><br>
<br>Francoprovençal is spoken transnationally between the South-east of
France, and parts of Switzerland and Italy. Its introduction in the
19th century as a coherent grouping has never been fully accepted by
Romance linguists, who have long professed to its illegitimacy. As a
language experiencing gradual death, Francoprovençal faces many problems
similar to those of other minority varieties. For example, there is no
prestige variety to choose from, and inter-generational mother-tongue
transmission no longer takes place in much of the
Francoprovençal-speaking zone. However, calls are now coming from a
galvanised militant-speaker movement for further recognition and wider
literacy. These neo-speakers, who instead term the language Arpitan,
support a pan-regional orthography that simplifies conventional
spelling-systems, and shows considerable influence from French. In
terms of language planning then, Francoprovençal represents an
interesting case. Is the process of orthographic reform rendered more
problematic by a dialect grouping that has never been fully accepted or
legitimated? Are traditional speakers able to compromise and accept the
proposed standard? The answers to these questions may hold some
significance for other minority varieties faced with similar problems.<br>
<br><strong>Ruth Kircher</strong> (Liverpool Hope)<em><br>
Saving French by teaching English: Language attitudes in Quebec and their implications for acquisition planning</em><br>
<br>In Quebec, French faces the challenge of English not only as the
global lingua franca but also as the language of upward mobility in
Canada at large. Over the years, much pro-French legislation has been
implemented – most importantly Bill 101, as a result of which most
children have to attend French-speaking primary and secondary schools.
While this legislation currently does not affect language choices at
post-secondary level, the provincial government plan to extend Bill 101
to colleges. However, they are not considering that language legislation
must take account of the attitudes of those who will be affected by it,
because such legislation is rarely effective without grassroots level
support. This paper presents a quantitative study whose findings show
that while college students do value French, they attribute more status
to English, and they are acutely aware of its necessity for economic
advancement. However, the French-medium school system leaves them
dissatisfied with their English skills, thus fuelling their desire to
attend English-medium colleges. The government’s plan thus lacks the
necessary attitudinal support, and a more differentiated approach to
acquisition planning, entailing for instance the creation of bilingual
colleges, would be more likely to contribute to the maintenance of
French in Quebec.<br>
<br><strong>Halyna Matsyuk</strong> (Lviv Ivan Franko National University)<br>
<em>Empowered politicians, society and languages: interplay in post-Soviet Ukraine </em><br>
<br>The paper focuses on the decisive role of the empowered politicians
in modeling the linguistic situation 2010 through 2013. The research
draws on the theoretical works on language policy. Illustrative material
includes linguistic bills and laws, sociological surveys, mass media
publications. Despite the disapproval from the European institutions,
in 2012, the parliament adopted a new Law on Languages that stopped a
sluggish restoration of social functions of Ukrainian as state language
in the country, secured the status of Russian and exacerbated language
conflict. The oppositional forces failed to impede actions of the ruling
majority. The society experiences the curtailing freedom of speech.
Different languages are associated with different identities (Ukrainian,
post-Soviet, Russian etc). Protests arise the moment the politicians
make manipulative decisions. In addition to unequal communicative
functions, the languages enjoy different symbolic functions. The
Ukrainian language is a symbol for the Ukrainians’ movement towards the
European values, Russian preserves ties with the Soviet past and
contemporary Putin’s Russia, with the ideals of the “Russian World”,
while English is associated with young people, careers, jobs in
international companies and high salaries. Linguists have no influence
on the development of language policy. <br>
<br><strong>James McLellan</strong> ( Brunei Darussalam)<br>
<em>Maintaining and revitalizing Borneo indigenous minority languages:
Comparing top-down and community-based policy initiatives and strategies</em><br>
</p>
<p>Complex patterns of multilingualism are found throughout the island
of Borneo: in Indonesian Kalimantan, in the East Malaysian states of
Sarawak and Sabah, and in Negara Brunei Darussalam. Indigenous minority
languages in all these polities are threatened with extinction, as their
speakers may be shifting towards more powerful languages, especially
Malay (Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Malaysia, Bahasa Melayu) and English.
These languages are supported through national education systems, whilst
indigenous languages tend to be marginalized. However, four recent
developments offer possibilities for change<br>
• community-initiated moves towards mother-tongue based multilingual education (MTBMLE) at pre-school level<br>
• the introduction of credit-bearing courses in Borneo languages at universities<br>
• technological innovations leading to increased presence of
indigenous languages in cyberspace and improved rural internet
connectivity<br>
• changing perceptions among language planners and the indigenous communities themselves about ethnolinguistic vitality<br>
<br>Discussion of these draws mainly on a case study of the Bidayuh
community in Sarawak, with some reference to Kenayatn in Kalimantan
Barat, Kadazandusun and Iranun in Sabah, and Dusun and Tutong in Brunei.
The conclusion proposes a paradigm shift based on the realization that
the future of indigenous Borneo languages involves their use alongside
the powerful languages, rather than in isolation as before.<br>
<strong><br>
Rebecca Mitchell </strong><br>
<em>‘To be a good westerner, you need to know where you come from’: the
challenges facing language preservation initiatives in central Africa</em></p>
<p><em></em>This paper is based on unpublished research into language,
ethnicity and identity carried out on 110 young adults in 2012 in
Cameroon, a region of exceptional ethnolinguistic diversity where only
English and French have official status. This paper examines the
mismatch between what the respondents overtly declared and what their
responses actually suggest, and the resulting challenges for language
preservation initiatives. Overall the respondents regard the local
languages as important, particularly for personal identity, and their
self-reported levels of linguistic proficiency are high. However, the
study identifies an increasing voluntary avoidance of the local
languages in the home, and few perceive the local languages as overt
markers of ethnic group membership. Significantly, although the
respondents profess a strong sense of racial/African identity, most do
not question utterances taken from a Gabonese corpus [Mitchell 2012]
expressing an aspiration to western/white identity. This paper argues
that any language policy aimed at counteracting ethnolinguistic
attrition would be compromised by such ambivalent attitudes.
Additionally, while intervention from European researchers is
inappropriate in post-colonial central Africa, uninvolved descriptive
studies of endangered languages are often not directly beneficial to
speakers. Speech communities alone can determine the fate of their
languages and cultures, and, if they wish, must empower themselves to do
so. <br>
<br><strong>Damien Mooney</strong> (Oxford) <br>
<em>Confrontation and language policy: non-militant perspectives on conflicting revitalisation strategies in Béarn, France.</em><br>
<br>This presentation focuses on the southern Gallo-Romance variety
historically spoken in the region of Béarn, France. The variety has been
largely ousted from its territory by French and since the 1960s, a
standardised variety ‘Occitan’ has secured an institutional monopoly in
the region. Two conflicting movements have emerged, propagated by the
Institut Béarnais et Gascon (IBG) and the Institut d’Études Occitanes
(IEO): the IBG is conservative rather than reformist, aiming to preserve
local language varieties, which they call Béarnais/Gascon; the IEO aims
to unify all southern Gallo-Romance varieties by promoting features
they have in common. The proposed ratification of the European Charter
for Regional or Minority Languages by the French government has brought
language policy issues to the forefront in the region. Both the IBG and
IEO movements call for the inclusion of ‘Béarnais’ and ‘Occitan’ in the
Charter at the exclusion of the other. The attitudes of three
generations of non-militant Béarn residents will be presented using a
coded qualitative analysis based on thirty hours of interview data and
focusing on three key themes: naming the language; orthography;
propaganda. The analysis will assess, from a lay-person perspective, the
role of concensus-building in facilitating/hindering the implemenation
of national language policies.<br>
<br><strong>Anik Nandi </strong>(Heriot-Watt) and <strong>Lissa Davies</strong> (Sussex)<br>
<em>Bottom-up language policy through Mother-Tongue-Based Multilingual Education: Voices of the Toto people in India</em></p>
<p>Our study underscores the main perspectives for endangered languages
illustrated in Flores Farfan and Ramallo (2010: 147): that "position
threatened language-speakers at the forefront of the action", and are
"context sensitive sociolinguistic studies... that contributes to the
emancipation of linguistic communities". It starts with a critical
analysis of India's language policies regarding India's 196 endangered
languages, scrutinizing the "Three-Language-Formula" policy as an
insufficient governmental solution, and introducing more successful
revitalization practices in India like Mother Tongue Based Multilingual
Education (MTBMLE). To illustrate this point, we will present the
Headstart Totopara Project which works with an isolated tribe of 1,500
in the Bhutan Hills. The Totos have a unique, oral language and culture.
With an influx of non-Toto speaking people, popular Hindi and Nepali
media and music, along with the pressure to learn English, their own
mother-tongue is now under threat. In this session, we will discuss the
complexities of designing and implementing such a project, including the
role of government, how linguistics are being used and the politics
surrounding language policy in education decisions. We will also discuss
the difficulties with taking an evidence-based approach while
concomitantly giving weight to the voices of the community and their
epistemological values.<br>
<br><strong>Leigh Oakes</strong> (Queen Mary, London) and <strong>Yaed Peled </strong>(Montréal and McGill)<br>
<em>Doing Justice? Normative Language Policy in Praxis </em><br>
<br>Language politics in the new global era presents policymakers with
significant ethical challenges. What moral ends and principles justify
state interventions in sociolinguistic issues, such as language
endangerment (real and/or perceived), shift and decline? Despite
interest among sociolinguists and applied linguists in the normative
aspects of language policy and planning (e.g. linguistic diversity and
democracy; the scope, nature and limits of the language of language
rights; the role of language in theories of multiculturalism and
globalisation; theories and conceptions of linguistic justice), current
engagement with the complexity of these questions remains nevertheless
sporadic, unsystematic and limited. Recognising this state of affairs,
the paper presents a new research project that seeks to develop and
propose a new interdisciplinary framework for normative language policy,
integrating into language policy and planning research theoretical
advances from contemporary political theory. Using the French-speaking
world as an insightful case study, it explores some of the ethical
questions that are inseparable from language policy in both theory and
praxis, particularly in cases of significant power discrepancies between
language communities, or between communities and national governments.
Drawing on notions such as multicultural citizenship, justice as
even-handedness, language rights, linguistic justice and language
ethics, the paper presents and discusses some of the moral challenges
facing individuals, researchers, practitioners and governments involved
in language sustainment, and explores their application to real-life
contexts in the French-speaking world.<br>
<br><strong>Poia Rewi </strong>(Otago) and <strong>Rawinia Higgins </strong>(Victoria).<br>
<em>‘When planning and policy don’t fit the cultural paradigm, take it to the Tribunal – The Aotearoa/New Zealand experience’</em><br>
</p>
<p>The Māori language has been heralded as being at the forefront of
Indigenous revitalisation movements. Despite receiving recognition from
the Waitangi Tribunal in 1986, the Māori language continues to weaken
as a language in New Zealand. In 1987, Māori became an official
language, however the provisions within the Act do not support or
enhance the development of language policy or planning beyond ‘status’.
Māori communities continue to maintain revitalisation efforts despite
this, yet they are often stymied by the lack of resources or the
regulations imposed by policies created by government agencies. In
response to these challenges, Māori have lodged two more claims to the
Waitangi Tribunal (WAI 262 and WAI 2336) about issues relating to how
these policies impede language use. This paper will examine research
conducted by Te Kura Roa (a 3 year research project) to examine how
community planning (bottom-up) and State policy (top-down) could be more
coordinated to achieve meaningful developments in Māori language
normalisation efforts. We will present the ZePA model as one possible
method of achieving coordination and hopefully prevent the need to
return to the Waitangi Tribunal to resolve conflicts over Māori language
issues.<br>
<br><strong>Carlo J. W. Ritchie</strong> (Sydney)<br>
<em>The Role of Orthographies in Language Conservation</em><br>
</p>
<p>The creation of a standard orthography is an essential process in
minority language revitalisation. However, the process of orthographic
standardisation is seldom alike between languages, despite similar
intentions. An examination of the intentions and methods in the creation
of standardised orthographies, with a comparison of the successes and
failures of these processes for the Irish language, Low German and
Wymysorys (Vilamovian), is therefore useful in establishing a precedent
for the role of orthography in language conservation. The Irish
language, Low German and Wymysorys represent three distinct languages
from the perspective of vitality, speaking populations and the extent to
which efforts of revitalisation have impacted on the language. By
examining the effect and implementation of a written standard in the
process of maintaining these languages, it is possible to evaluate the
significance of orthographies in language conservation and to establish a
precedent for ensuring language vitality. <br>
<br><strong>Julia Sallabank </strong>(SOAS)<br>
<em>Language ideologies, practices and policies in New Caledonia</em></p>
<p>There are 28 distinct Kanak languages in New Caledonia, but rapid
cultural and linguistic shift is underway. This paper discusses the
circumstances and implications of this shift, and the responses of
government and individuals. Parents, teachers and young people report
that children now prefer to speak French. This is usually blamed on
education (which follows the French curriculum) or the Catholic Church,
but research in Pouébo, Northern Province, has revealed stigmatisation
of the language practices of young people. Parents and grandparents
complain that children speak ‘deformed Caac’; children respond with
reluctance to speak their home language. Until the Nouméa Accord of
1998, Kanak people, their culture and languages were marginalised.
Traditional local multilingualism has been disrupted by colonialism and
urbanisation, and the range of languages now spoken in the capital,
Nouméa, is perceived as problematic. The Kanak Languages Academy was
founded in 2007: its remit is to codify and promote Kanak languages as
‘languages of culture and of education’. Language policies tend to be
top-down, even at community level. They focus on corpus planning,
standardisation and orthography development; linguists developing
materials have little knowledge of social factors in language and
literacy, applied linguistics or educational principles. <br>
<br><strong>Arieh Sherris </strong>and <strong>Jill Robbins</strong> (Columbia)<br>
<em>Miccosukee Language Revitalization: Policy, Oracy, and Teacher Appraisal</em><br>
</p>
<p>The Miccosukee language, a member of the Muskogeean language family,
is endangered (n < 400). Language revitalization efforts are underway
at the Miccosukee Indian School (Florida, USA). While independent of
both Federal and State education mandates, school policies have
developed that reflect and constitute a hybrid identity (e.g., an
identity neither entirely independent of nor dependent on government
policy). The purpose of this paper is to explore the ramifications of
this hybrid policy for pedagogy and teacher appraisal. Through the
triangulation of data that includes statements from Tribal leaders, site
administrators, and interviews with teachers, we have discovered that
policy is both top-down and bottom up. We illustrate our finding by
discussing two developments: the decision to develop curricula for the
development of oral/aural skills in Miccosukee, and thereby disregarding
the written script, and a request to develop a walk-through protocol
for non-Miccosukee fluent administrators who want to assess teacher
performance in Miccosukee language classrooms. In the policy to turn
away from teaching a written script, which has existed for some time,
and the teacher appraisal policy, we will also discuss policy solutions.<br>
<br><strong>Claudia Soria</strong> (CNR-ILC)<br>
<em>You can speak it now: assessing the effect of official recognition on the vitality of minority languages</em><br>
<br>In 1999, an Italian controversial law granted o_cial recognition to
twelve regional and minority languages, but denied it to others such as
Piedmontese, Venetan, Sicilian, Emilian, Romagnol, that nevertheless are
rated as endangered by UNESCO and Ethnologue. This particular situation
o_ers an ideal laboratory to assess the impact of language policies on
protected languages and at thesame time the efect of lack of social
protection and recognition on languagesdenied of institutional support.
In this research we have coupled social census data with the results of
an extensive survey carried out among speakers of all endangered
languages of Italy, recognised or not, to re-assess their vitality in
terms of speakers' number, domains of use, intergenerational
transmission and speakers' attitudes. After illustrating the methodology
adopted for the survey, we will show how the law was largely ine_ective
in producing quantitatively signficant changes, while had a sharp
effect on speakers' attitudes. We will argue that social recognition
generally improved self-esteem and generated a pride in the language
that is severely lacking among speakers of other languages, while lack
of top-down recognition can be a powerful element in reinforcing
negative feelings and overestimation of the difficulties of language
revitalization.<br>
<br><strong>Marco Tamburelli</strong> (Bangor)<br>
<em>Finding languages: can linguistic criteria inform language policy?</em><br>
<br>During the 20th century, many linguists were preoccupied with
identifying a structural definition of what constitutes a “language” and
how this relates to its “dialects” (e.g. Weinreich, 1954; Kloss, 1967,
Ammon, 1989). This preoccupation faded, however, as consensus grew that
“languages” and “dialects” are social constructs rather than
independently identifiable structural entities (e.g. Trudgill, 1974,
Chambers & Trudgill, 1980). This paper argues that the development
of language legislation makes that conclusion no longer tenable. As the
protection of linguistic rights hinges on discourse that often employs
the concept of regional/ minority language, the recurring assumption is
that the entity “language” does exist and that it is somewhat
objectively identifiable. In such cases, sociolinguistic criteria cannot
provide a useful definition since most regional/minority languages
display very low sociolinguistic status due to the very fact that they
have been socially subordinate to some other non-regional variety. A
purely sociolinguistic view, therefore, creates a paradox whereby the
notion of “language” excludes a priori many of the linguistic varieties
that legislation is meant to protect. I conclude by presenting a pilot
study that shows how the paradox can be resolved by applying insight
from recent work on intelligibility levels as measurements of linguistic
distance.<br>
<br><strong>Mike Tressider </strong>(Cornish Language Partnership)<br>
<em>The impact of the Cornish language office on language policy</em></p>
<p>For most of the 20th centaury Cornish has persisted without
recognition or support from any nationwide British institution,
cultural, political or academic. However, in November 2002, after
campaigning by Cornish organisations and local authorities, the United
Kingdom government specified Cornish under Part II of the European
Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Under the terms of the
Charter, the government is committed to 'base its policies, legislation
and practice' on objectives and principles which recognise Cornish as an
expression of cultural wealth and support resolute action to promote
the language. In practical terms this led to the establishment of a UK
and local government funded language office with responsibility for
promoting the use and teaching of Cornish in schools and the wider
community, professional and volunteer teacher training, translation and
consultancy services, research, orthographical standardisation and the
organisation of volunteers etc. This paper seeks to explore the impact
the language office has had on local government policy, political and
cultural groups and the established Cornish speaking community with
particular reference to notions of ‘recovered history’ and ‘a sense of
place’.<br>
<br><strong>Margarita Valdovinos</strong> (Ethnologisches Museum, Berlin)<br>
<em>From policies to practice: The complexity of mediating interactions in Náayeri public education (Nayarit, México)</em><br>
</p>
<p>In the last decade, the Mexican government has adopted a policy of
promotion regarding Indigenous languages. In this policy, the
revitalization of Native languages appears as one of the main goals.
This national linguistic policy has been announced in every corner of
the country, including the most isolated Indigenous communities. As
Indigenous people try to understand this official perspective about
their language and adopt it in their realities, the dynamics of local
governmental institutions convey the opposite message by promoting forms
of interaction in which not just Spanish appears as the only channel of
communication, but where the conditions of possibility of the Native
linguistic practices find no place. In this paper, I want to analyze how
national language policies affect Native communities by studying the
complexity of the interactions that mediate between the abstract
official policies and the concrete language practices. In order to do
so, I will analyze three concrete situations of the formal education
system observed among the Náayeri of Jesús María (Nayarit, Mexico):
pre-schooling, elementary schooling and teachers' training.<br>
<br><strong>Miriam Yataco</strong> (NYU)<br>
<em>Peru: The changing face of language policy</em><br>
<br>The last few years have seen important developments in the politics
of indigenous languages and language rights in Peru – developments that
have not only local and regional but global significance. This talk will
briefly explore the historical background, and provide firsthand
insights into how and why things could be changing looking at it from
the two perspectives: top down and bottom up initiatives. In 2006 the
congress rejected Law 806, “In Defense of the Use and Preservation of
Original languages of Peru” on the grounds that the country was not
ready for this kind of legislation. However, in the last four years, the
terrain has shifted even more significantly. There has been an
explosion of literature, music and other popular cultural expressions in
mainly Quechua and Aymara and the presence of indigenous languages is
becoming more evident in the media, linguistic landscape and in other
public domains. There have also been new regional initiatives in
Bilingual Intercultural Programs such as the one in Apurimac, called
QUECHUA FOR ALL. Bilingual Intercultural Educators are at the forefront
of these changes, acting in many ways as policy makers, negotiating,
interpreting and recreating language education policies. Lastly,
although there had previously been indigenous elected officials, there
is a new generation of indigenous congress people whouse Quechua on a
daily basis – in their offices and on the floor of the congress. Drawing
upon her background in sociolinguistics and her work as a language
rights specialist in the office of one of the indigenous congress people
who has sponsored the language rights legislation. <br></p><p><a href="http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/events/2163/247">http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/events/2163/247</a><br></p><p><br></p><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>**************************************<br>
N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br>
<br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************
</div>