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<a href="http://lughat.blogspot.com/">Jabal al-Lughat</a>
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<p class=""><span>Climbing the Mountain of Languages</span></p>
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<h2 class=""><span>Sunday, October 20, 2013</span></h2>
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Language policy and Islam: what should have been said?
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Following up on <a href="http://lughat.blogspot.fr/2013/10/how-not-to-write-about-islam-and.html">my last post</a>,
what should a chapter on "Language policy and Islam" have looked like?
It's not exactly my field, but here are a few basic notes – a more
complete version would have to cite specific rulings from the major
madhhabs, and discuss more extensively the realisation of these ideas in
everyday practice, but this should give a general idea.
<p>
First of all, insofar as we can speak of Islam as having a formal
language policy at all, that policy would be defined by the extensive
body of jurisprudence on which languages may or must be used in
particular religious contexts. Ṣalāt, ritual prayer, has to be in
Arabic (<a href="http://www.welcome-back.org/question/salat_english.shtml">Mawdudi 1957</a>
notes a few arguable exceptions to this). Duʕā', asking favours of
God, may be in any language. The adhān, the call to prayer, has to be
in Arabic according to most scholars, although Atatürk briefly forced
Turkish mosques to make it in Turkish (<a href="http://www.journals.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/index.php/ilahiyat/article/download/15914/15085">Atalay 2012</a>). For the khuṭbah, the Friday sermon, <a href="http://www.islam-qa.com/en/112041">scholars' opinions differ</a>
– to keep on the safe side, it's common for the imam to deliver a
sermon in the congregation's language followed by a much shorter sermon
in Arabic. The Qur'ān may be translated, and since early times
frequently has been, but no translation of it can be considered
authoritative, or substituted for the original in ritual contexts; in
fact, such translations are viewed more as commentaries than as versions
of the original. Everyday religious formulae – bismillah (in the name
of God), alhamdulillah (thank God), inshallah (if God wills), etc – are
ordinarily in Arabic, though I don't know what the jurists have to say
about that.
</p><p>
As a result, the ordinary believer is commonly exposed to Arabic in
religious contexts, and is individually required to memorise a certain
number of formulae and chapters of the Qur'ān in Arabic. Quite
frequently, the latter in particular are learnt by heart early with only
cursory explanation of their meaning, since reciting them verbatim is a
precondition for proper prayer, but understanding them is only really
vital at a more advanced stage. What does need to be understood
immediately – the basic religious obligations, creed, etc – is explained
in a language the student understands. However, the further a student
advances, the more important it becomes to have direct access to the
original source texts; thus learning Classical Arabic is a basic
prerequisite for becoming a serious religious scholar, although the vast
majority of Muslims never get that far, and indeed a majority of
Muslims do not speak Arabic. Regionally, other languages may also come
to assume a secondary position in religious education – for example,
Urdu in Pakistan, even though most students there have a different first
language. A remarkable example of this is to be found in northeastern
Nigeria, where advanced religious education requires mastering not just
Classical Arabic but also Classical Kanembu, an extremely archaic
variety of Kanembu currently used only for explaining Classical Arabic
texts (<a href="http://www.academia.edu/4273178/Performance_of_Multilayered_Literacy_Tarjumo_of_the_Kanuri_Muslim_Scholars">Bondarev & Tijani 2013</a>).
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Interpreting the notion of "language policy" more broadly, one might
also talk about the influence of Islam on attitudes to language. In
this connection, the obvious point to discuss would be the (<a href="http://islamqa.info/en/83262">very weakly supported</a>)
claim commonly heard that "Arabic is the language of Paradise", and the
even more obviously fabricated claim sometimes heard east of Iraq that "<a href="http://books.google.fr/books?id=5VnmEMh0MF4C&lpg=PA204&ots=O096-nYiNJ&dq=persian%20language%20paradise%20hadith&pg=PA204#v=onepage&q=persian%20language%20paradise%20hadith&f=false">Arabic and Persian are the languages of Paradise</a>".
Yet the weakness of the religious evidence for both assertions is a
strong indication that the causality is the other way around: religious
positions on language, in Islam as elsewhere, have often been influenced
by extra-religious prejudices. The universal consensus that some
Islamic rituals must be performed in Arabic make it difficult for any
Islamic society to assert strongly negative attitudes to Arabic, but
beyond that minimum, language attitudes are determined more by social
and political factors than by Islam specifically.
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Posted by
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<a class="" href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/00773164776222840428" rel="author" title="author profile">
<span>Lameen Souag الأمين سواق</span>
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at
<a class="" href="http://lughat.blogspot.com/2013/10/language-policy-and-islam-what-should.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="" title="2013-10-20T17:08:00+01:00">5:08 PM</abbr></a>
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Labels:
<a href="http://lughat.blogspot.com/search/label/Arabic" rel="tag">Arabic</a>,
<a href="http://lughat.blogspot.com/search/label/Kanembu" rel="tag">Kanembu</a>,
<a href="http://lughat.blogspot.com/search/label/sociolinguistics" rel="tag">sociolinguistics</a></span><br><br><a href="http://lughat.blogspot.com/2013/10/language-policy-and-islam-what-should.html">http://lughat.blogspot.com/2013/10/language-policy-and-islam-what-should.html</a><br>
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