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<div> </div><span style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman"> Seventeen languages spoken in pockets of Tamil
Nadu are in danger of extinction, according to the People’s Linguistic Survey of
India (PLSI), which will be released in August. Thirteen of these tribal
languages are spoken by less than 10,000 people. <br> “This is
the beginning of endangerment. The second stage of endangerment is when the
language loses its domain of use, meaning there is no literature, cinema or
education in </font></span><span style="text-align:justify"><br><font face="Times New Roman">the language,” said PLSI chairperson G N Devy. The
Bettakurumba tribal language of the Nilgris is an example; while it has music,
it has no cinema or literature. <br> Tamil Nadu also has the
least diversity in terms of ratio of population to language. Only 20 languages
are listed as belonging to Tamil Nadu. West Bengal and Maharashtra are the most
diverse with 38 languages each. “In Tamil Nadu, Tamil and Hindi are the main
languages spoken. As a result, other languages are not spoken,” said Devy.
<br> PLSI is a country-wide, community-driven documentation of
Indian languages conducted by Vadodara-based Bha</font></span><span style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman">sha Research and
Publication Centre for four years. Researchers identified 780 languages, some of
which were earlier categorised as dialects, and 66 scripts across the country.
<br> The increased migration of tribals to cities has resulted
in the decline of tribal languages. “The tribal population of Tamil Nadu is less
than 10% of what it was in 1952,” said Devy. <br> For
instance, Eravalla, a tribal language spoken in the Anamalai region of the
Western Ghats, is no longer used by younger members of the tribe. Linguistics
professor V Gnana Sundaram, who studied the language and published his report in
2012, said, “Only older women speak the language. I prepared a grammar for it
but the younger generation doesn’t want to learn it. They are more interested in
Tamil and English and finding jobs in the city.” Sundaram worked on the TN
section of PLSI. </font></span><span style="text-align:justify"><br><font face="Times New Roman"> Linguistics professor K Rangan, who
also worked on the survey, said some of the endangered languages have
interesting characteristics. “The Toda language of the Nilgiris has fascinated
anthropologists and linguists since the 1930s because of its use of centralised
vowels (where the central part of the tongue is used), not usually done in the
other Dravidian languages,” he said. “Vagri</font></span><span style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman">boli, a language spoken
by a nomadic TN tribe of the same name, has links to Gujarati,” he said.
<br> Tamil Nadu has 36 tribal languages, but the survey
documents only 20. “The survey only documents the languages that have been
studied,” said Sundaram, who works at Central Institute of Indian Languages,
Mysore. <br><br clear="all"></font></span><br>-- <br>=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>
University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br>
<a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------
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