<div dir="ltr">
<h1 class="">Behind Filipino (2)</h1>
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<span style="float:left;margin-right:7px"><a>By</a> <a href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/byline/michael-l-tan" rel="tag">Michael L. Tan</a> |</span><span style="float:left;margin-right:7px"><a href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/source/philippine-daily-inquirer" rel="tag">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a></span><div class="" style="float:left;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;width:220px!important">
<span class="">12:07 am | Friday, August 29th, 2014 </span>
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<span class=""><img style="border: medium none ! important;" class="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"><span class=""><span class="" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,0,0);display:inline-block"><span><span class=""><span style="display:inline-block" class=""><span class="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span class=""><img style="border: medium none ! important;" class="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"><span class=""><span class="" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,0,0);display:inline-block"><span><span class=""><span style="display:inline-block" class=""><span class="">6</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span class=""><img style="border: medium none ! important;" class="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"><span class=""><span class="" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,0,0);display:inline-block"><span><span class=""><span style="display:inline-block" class=""><span class="">0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span class=""><img style="border: medium none ! important;" class="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"><span class=""><span class="" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,0,0);display:inline-block"><span><span class=""><span style="display:inline-block" class=""><span class="">17</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span class=""><img style="border: medium none ! important;" class="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"><span class=""><span class="" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,0,0);display:inline-block"><span><span class=""><span style="display:inline-block" class=""><span class="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<div id="InRead">
<p>Last Wednesday I began to write about how we came to have
Filipino, a national language, drawing on a booklet written by Virgilio
Almario, chair of the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, with additional
research.
</p><p>We saw how the moves to have a local language as the national
language started in the 1930s, spurred by strong nationalist and
pro-independence politicians. Contrary to popular myths, the Surian ng
Wikang Pambansa that chose Tagalog as a national language was not
dominated by Tagalogs.
</p><p>After World War II and our regaining of our independence on July
4, 1946, the promotion of a national language continued. A few months
before independence, President Sergio Osmeña proclaimed a National
Language Week from March 27 to April 2, which President Ramon Magsaysay
later modified slightly so that April 2, the birthday of Tagalog writer
Francisco Balagtas, would fall in the middle of the National Language
Week.
</p><p>Magsaysay later issued another proclamation moving this
celebration to August, noting that the original National Language Week
was taking place outside of the academic school year. This new National
Language Week included Aug. 19, the birthday of Quezon.
</p><p>It was President Fidel Ramos who later dedicated the entire month
of August to the national language, a commemoration which is now
translated, in many schools, into a “Filipiniana” month for cultural
presentations.
</p><p><strong>Tagalog to Pilipino to Filipino</strong>
</p><p>All through the years, and even today, the national language was
referred to as “Tagalog.” In 1959, Education Secretary Jose Romero
ordered the use of “Pilipino” as the proper name for this national
language.
</p><p>The 1960s was a contentious decade for the national language. On
one hand, the rising tide of nationalism produced “purists” advocating a
national language with minimal foreign influences. The purists coined
new words such as “salumpuwit” for a chair, and the use of the suffixes
“Anak” and “Apo” for names, instead of “Junior” and “III.”
</p><p>This “purist” tide produced two responses. One was a campaign
against Tagalog as the national language by non-Tagalogs, who used the
purists to complain that a difficult Tagalog was being imposed on the
nation.
</p><p>The other reaction was a “Modernizing the Language Approach
Movement” or Molam, headed by Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta, attempting
to promote a “Manila Lingua Franca” which integrated words from
different Philippine, as well as international, languages. He published a
magazine called Katha, using this Manila Lingua Franca. After Lacuesta
died, the movement fizzled out.
</p><p>The 1973 Constitution declared both English and Pilipino as
official languages (with then President Ferdinand Marcos adding, in
1973, Spanish as another official language). The 1970s was marked by
social ferment and martial law. The use of Filipino (or Pilipino) became
a marker of nationalism, and sometimes, as an expression of antimartial
law sentiments, but there was ambivalence here, with even the most
radical students switching between Pilipino (for example, “Ibagsak ang
Rehimeng EU-Marcos”) and English (“Expose and Oppose the US-Marcos
Dictatorship”).
</p><p id="zd_newid_26817">After Marcos fell, a new constitution was
written, naming Filipino and English as the official languages. It also
instructed the government to “take steps to initiate and sustain the use
of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of
instruction in the educational system.” In 1988, President Corazon
Aquino issued Executive Order No. 335 ordering all government agencies
to use Filipino in all forms of communication, in names of offices,
buildings and signages.
</p><p>The post-1987 national language policy was more pragmatic and
inclusive. A new Filipino alpabeto was introduced, expanded from the
20-letter Tagalog-based abakada. The current alpabeto includes F, J,
V and Z, which are actually present in several Philippine languages. In
addition, it has the Spanish N, Q and X, which, together with F, J, V
and Z, make it easier to borrow words from English and other
international languages.
</p><p>The 1987 Constitution also mentions “regional languages” as
“auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as
auxiliary media of instruction therein.” But it took another 20 years
before the Department of Education was to look into regional and
auxiliary languages, with a Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education
(MTB-MLE) system. The rationale of this system is that children learn
more quickly in schools if a local mother tongue is used. This mother
tongue is used up to Grade 3 to teach various subjects, including
Filipino itself.
</p><p>In this MTB-MLE system, 19 languages have been named as possible
languages for instruction in schools. These include eight “major
languages,” “major” being defined by the relatively large number of
speakers (more than a million). These are Bikol, Ilokano, Hiligaynon,
Pampanggo, Pangasinan, Sebwano, Tagalog and Waray. Another three
languages spoken by Muslim Filipinos are also included as “major”
languages: Maranaw, Tausug and Magindanaw.
</p><p>An additional eight languages are also recognized for the mother
tongue-based program: Ibanag, Ivatan, Zambal, Chabacano, Akeanon, Yakan,
Kiniray-a and Surigaonon.
</p><p>The 19 languages may seem like a confusing lot but we should
remember there are more than 170 languages spoken in the Philippines.
Note too the 19 mother languages do not include English, which is
actually considered as a first language for many upper-class Filipino
children. Thus in many private schools, students feel more comfortable
in English and end up learning Filipino as a second language or, in
non-Tagalog areas, even as a third language.
</p><p>No doubt, we have made progress toward a national language. In
1939, speakers of the “wikang pambansa” numbered about four million
Filipinos or 25 percent of the total population. By 1980, speakers of
the national language totaled more than 12 million or 44 percent of the
total population.
</p><p>A 1989 survey conducted by Ateneo de Manila University found that
92 percent of Filipinos understood “Tagalog,” 83 percent could speak
it, 88 percent could read it and 81 percent could write in that
language.
</p><p>Today debates continue on language policies with a vocal “English
only” lobby. It didn’t help that President Gloria Arroyo ordered, in
2003, a return to English as a monolingual language of instruction.
Fortunately, that has been replaced by the DepEd’s mother language
system, a reflection of the way we continue to appreciate the need for a
national language, while recognizing how linguistic diversity can be
beneficial too.
</p></div><div style="overflow:hidden;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-align:left;text-decoration:none;border:medium none"><br>Read more: <a style="color:rgb(0,51,153)" href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/77916/behind-filipino-2#ixzz3BnE8ZUO0">http://opinion.inquirer.net/77916/behind-filipino-2#ixzz3BnE8ZUO0</a>
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