<div dir="ltr"><span class="">Status of Languages and a Country’s National Identity</span><br>
<span class="">Posted on September 22nd, 2014</span>
<h2><span style="color:rgb(0,0,255)"><em>Akurugoda</em></span></h2>
<p>While speaking at the ‘Annual Hindi Day’ event held in the Indian
consular office in Jaffna, the acting Indian High Commissioner (HC) S.T.
Murthy has pointed out that at least 50% of the Indian population knows
the Indian main language and similarly Sri Lankan Tamils also should
learn Sinhala Language in order to grow the relationship.</p>
<p>Ironically, India’s former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and former
High Commissioner A.N. Dixit were on records for invading the country’s
air space and insisting on a multi-lingual system without any historical
evidence or approval from the country’s citizens, merely to please
their own racial elements in Southern India and to achieve their own
internal and external political goals.</p>
<p>At a time, Sinhala children are being forced to learn Tamil by our
own politicians who do not have the right vision or a backbone to ask
the rest of the communities to learn Sinhala, the above statement said
to have been made by an envoy of India is somewhat interesting.</p>
<p><strong>Status of Languages in India</strong></p>
<p>Despite the fact that there are more than 22 officially recognized
languages in India at State levels, including, Hindi, English, Bengali,
Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Gujarati, Panjabi, Marathi etc, Hindi
and English languages are recognized as the Official languages of
India. Although the number of native Hindi speakers range up to 24.5% in
total Indian population, as the acting Indian HC correctly pointed out,
Hindi is now spoken nearly 50% of the Indian population. English
continues to be used for some official purposes by the government of
India in conjunction with Hindi, the number of English speakers within
India is nearly 20%. Hindi is the only native language to be recognized
as the official language of the country, since English is a foreign
language. Even though English language is not included in Eighth
Schedule (as it is a foreign language), it is one of the official
languages of Union of India.</p>
<p>Although there are 61 million Tamils in India, Tamil is not an official language of India.</p>
<p>The Republic of India does not have a national language despite there
are 30 languages are spoken by more than a million native speakers
(according Census taken in 2001). A <strong>national language</strong> is a language which has some connection—<em>de facto</em>—with
a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. The term
is used variously. A national language may for instance represent the
national identity of a nation or country</p>
<p>Let us examine the national or official status of respective languages in some of the well known countries in the world.</p>
<p><strong>Status of Languages in Asia</strong></p>
<p>The national, or official, language in Malaysia is Malay which is the
mother tongue of the majority Malay ethnic group. The main ethnic
groups within Malaysia comprise the Malays, Chinese and Indians, with
many other ethnic groups represented in smaller numbers, each with its
own languages.Korean, also called Hangul, is the official language of
both North Korea and South Korea. There are approximately a hundred
languages spoken in Burma. However, Burmese spoken by two thirds of the
population is the official language in Burma. Vietnamese is the
national, official language of Vietnam. In Thailand, the official
national language is <em>Thai. </em>There is no official language in
Japan; however Japanese is the national language. Even though the
Singapore Government recognizes four official languages, English, Malay,
Mandarin and Tamil, only one of them is accorded the national language”
status due to historical reasons. The Malay language is the national
language whereas English is the main working language.</p>
<p><strong>Status of English as a Language</strong></p>
<p>The two largest countries (in terms of population) where English is the inherited national language are Britain and USA.</p>
<p>In Britain, English is the official language, despite there are 5.3 m
Scottish, 3.1 m Welsh and 1.8m Irish. According to statistics, 13% of
the British population is non-white people originally from Asian and
African countries. French language is the official language of France.
German is the language of Germany. Language of Spain is Spanish. The
national language of Luxembourg, a tiny country in Europe, is
Luxembourgish, while French and German are the primary official
languages.</p>
<p>Although Australia has no mention of an official language in its Constitution, it is largely monolingual with English being the <em>de facto</em>
national language. English is the predominant Language in New Zealand,
although Maori is also considered as an official Language. There is no
necessity for the majority English speaking people to learn Maori
language and is not part of the medium of instruction.</p>
<p>Under the Canadian Constitution, the federal government has both
English and French as its official languages. However, over 85% of
Canadians have working knowledge of English while only 30.1% have a
working knowledge of French. This is partly due to many French-speaking
Canadians learning English and more immigrants choosing to learn English
as their second language rather than French.</p>
<p>Furthermore, in other countries colonized by British, it is a second
language, in others it is an official language or the language of
business.</p>
<p><strong>Status of Languages in Sri Lanka</strong></p>
<p>It appears that Sri Lanka is among the very few countries in the
world that have identified both the official and national languages.</p>
<p>In Sri Lanka more than 74% of the population is Sinhala and only 4.7
million (Including Tamil and Muslims) speak Tamil language as their
mother tongue. Both the Constitutions of 1972 and 1978 recognized
Sinhala as the official language of the country. Ironically, it was
India who forced Sri Lanka Government of J.R Jayewardene to make Tamil
as one of the official Languages while making English as the link
Language providing both the official and national language status to
Sinhala and Tamil.</p>
<p>By providing the National Language status to Tamil under the Section
19 of Chapter IV of the Constitution of Sri Lanka, either Sinhala or
Tamil shall be used in Parliament, Provincial Councils and Local
Authorities, medium of instructions (except higher education) while
Sinhala and Tamil shall be the languages of Administration, Legislation
and Courts. As per the Section 22 of Chapter IV, Tamil shall be used as
the language of administration and be used for the maintenance of
public records and the transaction of all business by public
institutions in the Northern and Eastern Provinces.</p>
<p>As can be seen, the Constitution has conveniently provided the
monolingual provision to the Northern Province today, since Tamil
separatists have chased away almost all Sinhalese population from the
province and are now protesting for any Sinhala re-settlement in the
region and, hence, are expected to build a mono-ethnic state of their
own.</p>
<p>The acceptance of Northern and the Eastern Provinces as areas of
historical habitation of Tamil speaking peoples and provision of both
the official and national language status to the Tamil language, either
under duress or erroneously when signing the Rajiv-JR pact, the demand
for self rule have enhanced and that is why the full implementation of
the 13th Amendment is one of the main demand of the TNA even today.</p>
<p>Prior to the signing of the 13th Amendment, there had been a belief
in some quarters that the official language policy of 1956 was the root
cause of the conflict. The 13th Amendment made Tamil an official
language overnight as a solution but the demand for self-determination
is still continuing. If official language is the root cause, the
conflict would have resolved itself with the implementation of the 13th
Amendment language policy.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
<p>There is only one language; the language spoken by the majority
emerges as the official language of a county even if there are
provisions for use of other languages at official level. Major foreign
languages such as English, French, German, Spanish etc are being used by
countries, once ruled by those colonial powers, either as one of the
official language or the language of business. The national language is
the language of the nation, and should be accorded to the language of
the people who were responsible for the civilization of that country.
Not many countries in the world use the term national’ when they
categorized languages although they maintain their national identity via
the official language status.</p>
<p>As can be seen above, countries have several spoken languages but
have one predominant official language even among few designated
official languages. Perhaps, Sri Lanka may the only country in the world
chosen two national languages and two official languages with equal
status without any historical evidence or approval from its citizens,
but apparently under the duress of racial threat and foreign
intervention. Thus only Sinhala should be the given the status of
National Language due to historical reasons following the stand taken by
Singapore, Luxemburg, Japan, Vietnam, Burma and Malaysia, when
deciding the country’s national/official language status.</p><p><a href="http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2014/09/22/status-of-languages-and-a-countrys-national-identity/comment-page-1/">http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2014/09/22/status-of-languages-and-a-countrys-national-identity/comment-page-1/</a><br></p><p><br></p><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************
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