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<h2 class="">Saving El Gordo</h2>
<div class="" style="width:646px"><img alt="" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--grlKWU8t--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/190jmlnwhtz30png.png" height="322" width="636"><p class="">(Credit: We Love Philosophy)</p></div>
<p>A few years ago, a Spanish psychologist and his team of researchers
asked about 700 students to decide whether they would kill one person to
save five. It was a version of the classic <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/books/review/would-you-kill-the-fat-man-and-the-trolley-problem.html?pagewanted=all">trolley dilemma</a>:
A small train is trundling toward five people on the tracks who will
perish in the crash; you see this from your perch on a footbridge and
realize you can save them by shoving one of your fellow pedestrians—a
fat man—off the bridge, into the train’s path. Do you do it? Only 18
percent of the students said they would, when answering in their native
tongue. But when presented with the scenario in a foreign language, one
in which they were proficient, the proportion of pushers jumped to 44
per cent. (Not for this conversation, but has anyone ever tested whether
responses change when it’s a skinny man you’d be sacrificing?)</p>
<p>The researchers <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094842">proposed three reasons for the difference</a>.
Because processing the question in a foreign language is more
difficult, perhaps the students were more tempted to choose a response
randomly. But when presented with a less extreme scenario, where they
could save the five potential victims by flipping a switch rather than
personally pushing their neighbor in front of the train, the difference
in responses shrank to one percentage point (81 percent would flip the
switch in their native language, 80 percent in a foreign tongue). If the
students were choosing randomly, you would have expected about half to
push the man and about half to flip the switch.</p>
<p>Maybe, instead, it was an issue of culture rather than language. But
the pattern held whether the researchers questioned native Spanish
speakers in English or native English speakers in Spanish.</p>
<p>Ruling out those explanations supported the third theory: that people
behave in a less emotional, more logical and utilitarian manner when
operating in a foreign tongue. Albert Costa, the psychologist who led
the study, puts this down to the context in which people learn
languages—that is, as a child at home among family and friends, versus
in school—as well as their proficiency, with further research showing
the gap in responses shrinking as study participants’ foreign-language
fluency rises.</p>
<p>Costa and others have already pointed out that this less emotional
reasoning could be a business advantage: Here’s to corporations in
search of heart-headed leaders looking across borders. As someone who
spends a lot of her time among young scientists working hard to improve
their English, I wonder what the impact might be on the world of
research. The Munich University of Technology has (<a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10992683/Munich-university-accused-of-abandoning-German-language-over-English-course-row.html">not uncontroversial</a>)
plans to hold all its master’s levels courses in English by 2020. This
is seen by many as a headache for German professors and students alike,
but there’s no denying English is the lingua franca in science and
technology today, or that English-speaking programs will attract talent
from abroad (students and staff) much more than German ones. Perhaps
because these arguments are so sound, no one has yet felt the need to
claim that working in a foreign language sharpens the scientific mind.
But if we buy that, universities in the English-speaking world might
also take note and consider forcing their students to try reasoning
their way through problems in Spanish, Chinese, or even German.</p>
<p>Of course, science is not all logic, but I have a feeling creativity
might also get a boost when we leave the familiar terrain of English.
Anyone who has learned a second language knows the challenge of working
around vocabulary you don’t know; surely this flexibility should
transfer to other areas of the brain. Maybe that’s Professor Costa’s
next project.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, here’s some art to accompany all this science: Akhil Sharma reading Tobias Wolff’s “<a href="http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/fiction-podcast-akhil-sharma-reads-tobias-wolff">The Night in Question</a>,” which features a trolley dilemma or two of its own.</p><p><a href="http://chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2015/01/21/saving-el-gordo/?cid=at&utm_source=at&utm_medium=en">http://chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2015/01/21/saving-el-gordo/?cid=at&utm_source=at&utm_medium=en</a><br></p><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
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