<div dir="ltr">All: I didn't see this obituary of Joshua Fishman come around via Linguist-List so I'm forwarding it now:<br><br><a name="2"><span class="">Message 2: Obituary: Joshua A. Fishman (18 July 1926 - 1 March 2015)</span></a> <strong>Date:</strong> 02-Mar-2015 <br> <strong>From:</strong> Ghil'ad Zuckermann <ghilad.zuckermann<img src="http://linguistlist.org/images/address-marker.gif" align="absbottom"><a href="http://adelaide.edu.au">adelaide.edu.au</a>><br> <strong>Subject:</strong> Obituary: Joshua A. Fishman (18 July 1926 - 1 March 2015)<br> <br><br> Joshua A. Fishman (18 July 1926 - 1 March 2015) <br> <br>Seven
Jews have changed the world. Moses said: "Everything is in the head!"
Jesus said: "Everything is in the heart!" Marx said: "Everything is in
the stomach!" Freud said: "Everything is in the groin!" Fishman said:
"Everything is in the tongue!" Zuckerberg said: "Everything is in the
finger!" Einstein said: "Everything is relative!" <br> <br>Success is
relative. But Joshua A. Fishman Z''L, hypocoristically a.k.a. Shikl, has
set an absolute standard. Only in the dictionary does “Success” come
before “Work”. And Fishman’s more than 80 books and 1000 articles
demonstrate his Herculean commitment to scholarship since his first
publications in the original Yiddish journal "Yugntruf" in 1945, which
he co-founded with contact linguist Uriel Weinreich. <br><br>If William
Labov (L'above and beyond) is the founder of micro-sociolinguistics (cf.
variationist sociolinguistics), Fishman is the founder of
macro-sociolinguistics (cf. sociology of language), which consists inter
alia of the analysis of language education, language planning,
bilingualism, multilingualism, minority languages and language revival.
Fishman is a sociologist who could be considered a "hyphenated
linguist", perspicaciously investigating fascinating and multifaceted
issues such as language and religion (theo-linguistics), language and
nationalism, language and identity, and language and ethnicity. <br><br>As
Weinreich et al. insightfully note, "linguistic and social factors are
closely interrelated in the development of language change. Explanations
which are confined to one or the other aspect, no matter how well
constructed, will fail to account for the rich body of regularities that
can be observed in empirical studies of language behavior" (1968: 188).
<br> <br>The founder and general editor of the leading, pioneering
refereed publication "International Journal of the Sociology of
Language," Fishman created an intellectual platform that has greatly
facilitated the introduction and dissemination of novel models and
revolutionary theories that have led to numerous academic debates,
syntheses and cross-fertilizations. He has often acted as an
epistemological bridge between, and antidote for, parallel discourses. <br> <br>One
ought to assess the breadth and depth of Fishman's work through a
combined Jewish-sociolinguistic lens. Like Uriel Weinreich, Fishman's
research embodies the integration of Jewish scholarship with general
linguistics. Fishman (1981, 1985) himself explores the sociology of
Jewish languages from a general sociolinguistic point of view. But I
would also advocate a bilateral impact: Jewish linguistics, the
exploration of Jewish languages such as Yiddish, has shaped general
sociolinguistics. Throughout history Jews have been multilingual
immigrants, resulting in Jewish languages embodying intricate and
intriguing mechanisms of language contact and identity. These languages
were thus fertile ground for the establishment and evolution of the
sociology of language in general. <br> <br>Given the importance in
Judaism not only of mentshlikhkayt (cf. humaneness) but also of
education and "on the other hand" dialectics, it is not surprising to
find the self-propelled institute Fishman trailblazing simultaneously
both in Yiddish scholarship in particular and in the sociology of
language in general. <br> <br>In the field of Yiddish studies proper,
Fishman's contribution has been immense and far-reaching. He was
co-editor of "For Max Weinreich on his seventieth birthday" (1965),
co-translator of the English language publication (1979–1980) of the
first two volumes of Weinreich’s seminal "Geshikhte fun der Yidisher
Shprakh" [History of the Yiddish language], and editor of "Studies on
Polish Jewry, 1919–1970: the interplay of social, economic and political
factors in the struggle of a minority for its existence" (1974). Closer
to his expertise are the impressive and important "Never say die! A
thousand years of Yiddish in Jewish life and letters" (1981), and his
outstanding sociolinguistic biography of Nathan Birnbaum: "Ideology,
society and language: the odyssey of Nathan Birnbaum" (1987). <br> <br>Fishman
has lived up to Sapir’s verdict: ''Language is a guide to 'social
reality'. Though language is not ordinarily thought of as of essential
interest to the students of social science, it powerfully conditions all
our thinking about social problems and processes. Human beings do not
live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social
activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the
particular language which has become the medium of expression for their
society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality
essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an
incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or
reflection. The fact of the matter is that the 'real world' is to a
large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group.
No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as
representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different
societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with
different labels attached.'' (Sapir 1921: 162) <br> <br>Fishman’s
plethora of direct contributions to specific areas of sociolinguistics
and Jewish languages are impressive (see Schweid Fishman 2012). Their
impact, however, on other scholars, on our sense of the possibilities
for further research, and on the generation of yet-unanswered new
questions, is exponentially greater. To take one example, Fishman’s work
on reversing language shift and on language revival and maintenance
(e.g. 1991, 2001), is the basis for the emerging new trans-disciplinary
field of enquiry of what I call 'revivalistics' (see also ''Revival
Linguistics'', Zuckermann and Walsh 2011). Complementing documentary
linguistics, 'revivalistics' analyses comparatively the universal
mechanisms and constraints involved in language reclamation,
revitalization, renewal and empowerment world-wide. 'Revivalistics' is
in its infancy simply because the reclamation of sleeping beauty tongues
is a relatively young activity. I am currently involved with the
resurrection of several hibernating Aboriginal languages in the 'Lucky
Country' down under, Australia. Israeli, the beautiful hybrid that
emerged in the Promised Land, and which has so far been relatively the
most successful reclamation, is only 120 years old. <br> <br>Shikl will
always be remembered for his gargantuan labour and perspicacious
insights. He is survived by the indefatigable and
extraordinarily-dedicated Gella Schweid Fishman, to whom I wish biz
hundert un tsvantsik!, Yiddish for ''[may you live] until 120 years!''
Serendipitously but appropriately, Tolkien's Quenya name for ''fish'' is
lingwe. <br> <br>REFERENCES <br>Fishman, Joshua A. 1981. The sociology
of Jewish languages from the perspective of the general sociology of
language: a preliminary formulation. International Journal of the
Sociology of Language 30. 5–18. <br>Fishman, Joshua A. 1985. The
sociology of Jewish languages from a general sociolinguistic point of
view. In Joshua A. Fishman (ed.), Readings in the sociology of Jewish
languages, 3–21. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <br>Fishman, Joshua A. 1991.
Reversing language shift: theoretical and empirical foundations of
assistance to threatened languages. Clevedon (UK): Multilingual Matters.
<br>Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.). 2001. Can threatened languages be saved?
Reversing language shift, revisited: a 21st century perspective.
Clevedon (UK): Multilingual Matters. <br>Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language. An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt & Brace. <br>Schweid
Fishman, Gella 2012. Joshua A. Fishman bibliography (1949–2011),
International Journal of the Sociology of Language 213. <br>Weinreich,
Uriel, William Labov & Marvin Herzog. 1968. Empirical foundations
for a theory of language change. In W. P. Lehmann & Yakov Malkiel
(eds), 97–195. Directions for historical linguistics. Austin: University
of Texas Press. <br>Zuckermann, Ghil’ad & Michael Walsh. 2011.
Stop, revive, survive!: Lessons from the Hebrew revival applicable to
the reclamation, maintenance and empowerment of Aboriginal languages and
cultures. Australian Journal of Linguistics 31(1). 111–127. <br>--------------------------------------------------------------- <br>Written by Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann, D.Phil. (Oxon.), Chair of Linguistics and Endangered Languages, School of Humanities, <br>The University of Adelaide, <br>Adelaide SA 5005, Australia <br>ghilad.zuckermann<img src="http://linguistlist.org/images/address-marker.gif" align="absbottom"><a href="http://adelaide.edu.au">adelaide.edu.au</a> <br><a href="http://www.zuckermann.org/">http://www.zuckermann.org/</a> <br><a href="http://adelaide.academia.edu/zuckermann/">http://adelaide.academia.edu/zuckermann/</a> <br><a href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/ghilad.zuckermann">http://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/ghilad.zuckermann</a> <br><a href="http://www.facebook.com/ProfessorZuckermann">http://www.facebook.com/ProfessorZuckermann</a><br clear="all"><div><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
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