<div dir="ltr">Challenging the Monolingual Mindset<br> <br><br> <br><br> <br> Book announced at <a href="http://linguistlist.org/issues/25/25-3876.html" target="_blank">http://linguistlist.org/issues/25/25-3876.html</a><br>
<br> EDITOR: John Hajek<br> EDITOR: Yvette Slaughter<br> TITLE: Challenging the Monolingual Mindset<br> SERIES TITLE: Multilingual Matters<br> PUBLISHER: Multilingual Matters<br> YEAR: 2014<br> <br> REVIEWER: Heather Smyser, University of Arizona<br> <br> Review's Editor: Helen Aristar-Dry <br> <br>SUMMARY <br> <br>Challenging
the Monolingual Mindset, edited by John Hajek and Yvette Slaughter,
follows Michael Clyne’s broad views on language and multilingualism. It
brings “language issues to a wider audience” (p. 3), and its aims are
threefold: to inform readers of language issues, “to challenge the
monolingual mindset” (p.3), and finally to “benefit both multilinguals
and monolinguals in understanding and fostering the linguistic potential
of [their] communities – in Australia and around the world” (p. 12).
While the introduction cites Clyne’s work on the monolingual mindset and
provides the origin of the term, it does not explicitly define what
this term encompasses; instead, it references Clyne’s work on the
development of forced monolingualism within the Australian context and
leaves readers unfamiliar with Clyne’s work uncertain about the scope of
the term. Each of the three parts of the book investigates language use
and policy. Part One identifies global issues, Part Two investigates
immigration-related challenges in Australia, and Part Three concludes
with language (non-)maintenance in Australia. In totality these three
sections demonstrate the presence of a monolingual mindset in both the
international and Australian contexts, and the volume documents efforts
underway to challenge this mindset. <br> <br>True to Clyne’s approach,
Part One does not focus on one particular geographic region and instead
discusses global issues of language use, policy, and maintenance.
Chapter One, “English in Scandinavia: Monster or Mate? Sweden as a Case
Study” by Catrin Norrby first explores positive language attitudes
towards English in Sweden among youth and those in higher education,
which are reflected in the growth of English-language programs in higher
education and in the number of dissertations written in English. Norby
then briefly explores official language policy and studies the
linguistic landscapes of businesses to contrast their language use with
official policy. She finds this policy to be at odds with the linguistic
landscape. Chapter Two “Language in Singapore: From Multilingualism to
English Plus” by Francesco Cavallaro and Ng Bee Chin overviews the
linguistic changes Singapore has undergone in the past 60 years before
reviewing the effects of language policy on the members of these
communities. It finds decreasing use of all migrant vernaculars in favor
of languages with more global significance, like Mandarin and English.
Part One continues with Chapter Three, “English as an International
Language: A Multilingual and Pluricentric Perspective” by Farzad
Sharifian, which focuses on English in multilingual settings and as a
pluricentric language. Sharifan defines a pluricentric language as a
language that has “multiple centres which interact with each other,
serving as a national variety with its own norms” (p. 54). The author
establishes the global significance of English and contends that its
spread as a global language fosters a growing multilingual context. In
this context English becomes a lingua franca, and the L1 serves as an
identity marker. Concomitant with this, the rise of World Englishes
creates a need for all to be informed of different varieties of English
and obfuscates the notion of who qualifies as a native speaker. Chapter
Four, “German or Swiss? Address and Other Routinised Formulas in
German-speaking Switzerland” by Doris Schüpbach furthers research on
pluricentric languages by comparing politeness in German-speaking
Switzerland with what is known on politeness in Germany. Schüpbach finds
more informal “you” use in Switzerland than in Germany, continued use
of the formal “Ihr” form in Switzerland, the use of names when greeting,
and extensive formulaic routines when taking leave. Part One concludes
with “Meet and Greet: Nominal Address and Introductions in Intercultural
Communication at International Conferences” by Heinz Kretzenbacher,
Michael Clyne, John Hajek, Catrin Norrby, and Jane Warren. This chapter
finds differences when respondents introduce themselves self and others,
age differences in introductions, and macrocultural differences in
introductions at international conferences. They find that being
introduced by others is the most formal means of introduction, with
Northern Europeans and older individuals resorting to more formal means
of address. While this chapter did not provide statistical analyses to
indicate if differences are statistically significant between groups,
the results are still compelling. <br> <br>Part Two shifts from an
international focus to Australia and centers on immigrant languages in
the country. Chapter Six “L1 and L2 Chinese, German, and Spanish
Speakers in Action: Stancetaking in Intergenerational and Intercultural
Encounters” by Marisa Cordella and Hui Huang is the weakest chapter in
the collection. Many acronyms, how participants were selected, how data
was elicited, and how data was coded are all rather unclear throughout
the chapter. More detailed turn-by-turn explanations of the dialogues
included would have better elucidated the stances taken in each to
better explain the theoretical approach taken. The inclusion of
quantitative data, such as percentages of who was more likely to use
which stance (either older or younger participants) would have also been
beneficial. Part Two continues with “Linguistic Diversity and Early
Language Maintenance Efforts in a Recent Migrant Community in Australia:
Sudanese Languages, their Speakers, and the Challenge of Engagement” by
Simon Musgrave and John Hajek, a chapter which commences with an
overview of the status of Sudanese languages in Australia and efforts to
maintain these. It cites the lack of accepted orthography and of
qualified teachers for Dinka as obstacles to its maintenance. The
authors also cite community efforts that have been met with success to
maintain Othuo, a Sudanese language with relatively few native speakers.
Chapter Eight, “Language Maintenance and Sociolinguistic Continuity
among Two Groups of First-generation Speakers: Macedonians from Aegean
Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia” by Jim Hlavac continues the
discussion of language maintenance raised in the previous chapter by
focusing on how Macedonian speakers from two different geographic
locations sustain their language. Hlavac combines results from a
questionnaire and taped interviews; he finds that while the status of
Macedonian varies tremendously in the country of origin, both groups
have high levels of maintenance. Part Two concludes with Louisa
Willoughby’s “The Role of Professional Advice in Shaping Language Choice
in Migrant-background Families with Deaf Children,” which examines
options provided to English L2 families of deaf children by providers,
how professionals arrive at these decisions, and what families choose to
do with this advice. Often, families are not informed of all options
available to them. They are often told only about cochlear implants and
the use of speech with the child instead of both speech and signing.
Additionally, the assignment of intervention services was haphazard,
depending largely on the agency that gave the initial diagnosis with
many providers being stuck in a monolingual mindset, encouraging parents
to choose one language to use with their child, normally English. <br> <br>Part
Three, the final section of the volume, concentrates on language policy
in Australia. It opens with Howard Nicholas’ “Losing Bilingualism While
Promoting Second Language Acquisition in Australian Language Policy,” a
chapter on the evolution of Australia’s language policies. Nicholas
shows how in spite of the fact that Australia is seen to promote
bilingualism, more recent iterations of policy have moved towards
viewing bilinguals as those who come already speaking another language
rather than including those who speak English first and later acquire a
second language. This section of the volume continues with Yvette
Slaughter’s and Hajek’s investigation of how Italian has gone from an
immigrant language to a language studied by many in the community in
“Mainstreaming of Italian in Australian Schools: The Paradox of
Success?”. While many students choose to study Italian at the primary
and secondary level, many also discontinue their studies after years
nine through eleven at a much faster rate of decline than for other
languages. For the authors, this indicates the language is not being
maintained in younger speakers. They propose that this non-maintenance
is due to a fatigue effect whereby students are overexposed to the
language and do not pursue further study. Chapter 12, Margaret Gearon’s
“Understanding the Role of Professional Development and Influences on
Teacher Practice: An Australian Case Study of Community Languages
Teachers,” shifts focus away from students and moves to better
understand community language teachers and their needs, as these are the
instructors who facilitate language maintenance in their communities.
It indicates that those surveyed had positive views of their
certification course and shows their integration of prior language
learning experiences into their teaching views. Colin Nettelbeck, the
author of Chapter 13 “ ‘A Somewhat Disconcerting Truth’: The Perils of
Monolingualism as Seen Through the Early Years of the RAAF School of
Languages”, provides an overview of how Alex Garrick fought against a
dismissive view of bilingualism from policy makers in order to
successfully operate and expand the Royal Australian Air Force School of
Languages. While the chapter seems a bit out of place following the
chapter on the maintenance of Italian, it makes for a compelling read on
the advancement of bilingualism in society. The final chapter of this
work, Averil Grieve’s “ ‘Die Erfüllung eines Traums’: Challenging the
Monolingual Mindset Through the Establishment of an Early Immersion
Language Program” first documents language immersion in Australia. It
then discusses the creation, struggles, and successes of the Deutsche
Schule Melbourne, a school which has expanded to include several
community families not of German origin who see the value in raising
bilingual children. The success of this school provides a fitting
conclusion for the book, as it demonstrates one realization of Clyne’s
dream for Australia and also challenges the monolingual mindset. <br> <br>EVALUATION <br> <br>As
a whole, Challenging the Monolingual Mindset serves as a fascinating
exemplification of Clyne’s eclectic philosophy and introduces readers to
a range of issues relating to the topic of multilingualism within
international and Australian contexts. This renders it a compelling read
for scholars and students from a variety of backgrounds including those
interested in language policy, the status of multilingualism in various
locales, language maintenance, and the rise of global English. Each
chapter provides enough information to whet a reader’s desire to learn
more about the topic presented, and while the variety of topics present
might prove off-putting to some readers, it reflects Clyne’s view of the
problem of having a monolingual mindset, a mindset that becomes clearer
with each successive chapter even if not formally articulated in the
book. By bringing these topics to light, the authors and editors bring
awareness of the multifaceted nature of multilingualism to a broader
audience and fight against the monolingual mindset. They do so by
expanding contemporary conceptions of multilingualism away from historic
confines that understand it in terms of composite monolingualisms. The
authors of each chapter achieve this move away from historic conceptions
of what it means to be bilingual by taking into account language
maintenance and the effects of policy on non-traditional populations,
such as those in the deaf community or immigrants trying to maintain a
language without an established script. This inclusion of such
non-traditional topics fights against the monolingual mindset that can
sometimes be found even in scholarly conceptions of bi- and
multilingualism. Because of this eclectic approach, the volume achieves
its purpose of raising awareness and can be read as a whole or in
individual parts or chapters. The three parts of the volume might feel
disjointed to some readers due to the wide variety of topics discussed;
however if one bears in mind the purpose of the volume, one finds that
chapters within sections speak to and complement each other in rather
unique and unforeseen ways.<br><br> <br> ABOUT THE REVIEWER<br> <br>
Heather Smyser is a graduate student in Second Language Acquisition and
Teaching at the University of Arizona studying how late multilinguals
process and store their languages and how low levels of literacy
interact with the language acquisition process in refugees. She hopes to
continue her research on and with refugees to broaden understandings of
language acquisition in this population and to begin to tease apart
potential learning differences in those with PTSD and a strong oral
tradition to better understand bilingualism and multilingualism in those
not coming from Western styles of education.<br><br><a href="http://linguistlist.org/issues/26/26-2474.html">http://linguistlist.org/issues/26/26-2474.html</a><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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