<div dir="ltr"> <div class=""> <span class=""><a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-921785p1.html?cr=00&pl=edit-00">irisphoto1</a> / <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/editorial?cr=00&pl=edit-00">Shutterstock.com</a></span> <span class=""></span> </div> <p>I’ve
written before about how languages serve not just as communication
tools, but as profound sources of unique meaning through which
individuals build and maintain their identities. It’s no accident that “<a href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=communication">communication</a>” and “<a href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=community">community</a>” have etymological roots in common (along with the word “<a href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=common&allowed_in_frame=0">common</a>,” for that matter). To <i>communicate </i>in a <i>common </i>tongue is to truly participate in a <i>common </i>world of understanding, a <i>community </i>of shared meaning.</p> <p>Or, to take an example from <a href="http://www.edcentral.org/multilingualismmatters/">one of my earlier posts</a>, “To be Welsh is an experience. To both be and speak Welsh is a related, more robust experience.”</p> <p>Which is all prelude for thinking clearly about the Department of Education’s recent event, “<a href="http://www.ncapaonline.org/nheducationbriefing">Protecting ‘Ōlelo Hawai’i: The Education Revolution to Improve Student Success and Preserve the Hawaiian Language</a>.”
The event was hosted at ED and co-sponsored by the White House
Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, ED’s Office of
English Language Acquisition, ED’s Office of Career, Technical, and <a href="http://www.edcentral.org/edcyclopedia/adult-education/" target="_self" title="Federally funded adult education programs help individuals over the age of 16 who are not currently enrolled in school, lack a high school credential, and/or do not possess the literacy, numeracy, or English language skills necessary to function effectively in society, to obtain those skills and appropriate credentials. According to the OECD’s 2013 international assessment..." class="">Adult Education</a>, the Council for Native Hawaiian Advancement, and Keaomālamalama.</p> <div class=""><p>Even if assessment policies can be adjusted to work for students being educated in the Hawaiian <em>language</em>, there are a bevy of other complicated policies that will need to be modified to support Hawaiian <em>communities</em> in schools.</p> </div> <p>The
event was equal parts information and celebration, in part because of
recent tensions between the Department of Education and Hawaiian
language educators in the state. ED <a href="http://www.hawaiipublicschools.org/DOE%20Forms/HLIP/HIAssessmentWaiver021215.pdf">recently granted the state a waiver</a> from some of <a href="http://www.edcentral.org/edcyclopedia/no-child-left-behind-overview/" target="_self" title="No Child Left Behind (NCLB) refers to a 2001 law that was the most recent iteration of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), the major federal law authorizing federal spending on programs to support K-12 schooling. ESEA is the largest source of federal spending on elementary and secondary education. History ESEA was..." class="">No Child Left Behind</a>’s
assessment rules—it allows students being educated in Hawaiian to take
math and language arts assessments in that language, rather than in
English.</p> <p>In that regard, the key participant was perhaps Ronn
Nozoe, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and Programs in ED’s Office
of Elementary and Secondary Education. Until last month, Nozoe was
Hawaii’s <a href="http://www.civilbeat.com/2015/03/nozoe-leaving-hawaii-doe-for-post-at-federal-level/">Chief Academic Officer</a>, so he was introduced as “someone who knows us, who understands us in Washington, D.C.”</p> <p>Nozoe
referred to the tensions several times: “We’ve had our struggles about
trying to do the right thing…[by] assessing students in their native
language…we can have differences, but at the end of the day, we’re going
to make it right.” He also explained that no one would “characterize
this work as easy or simple. But there’s something about the people in
Hawaii…they always try to do the right thing.”</p> <p>Which is all a
pretty standard narrative about federal assessment requirements and
accountability: the rules can be clumsy, and they don’t always take
students’ linguistic diversity into account. This is the nature of
education policy—of <i>all</i> public policy—it takes the organic course
of human behavior and tries to impose mechanistic rules. In search of
flexibility, policymakers try strategies like the aforementioned
assessment waiver. Sometimes these modifications work, sometimes they
don’t, and usually they cause a bevy of unintended consequences that
muddle the basic functions of the system they’re adjusting. <a href="http://www.edcentral.org/washingtons-waiver-woes-meet-ex-waiver-waiver/">Policies pile up</a> and the system gets correspondingly less coherent and effective. (Cf. “<a href="http://www.realclearpolicy.com/blog/2012/12/14/steven_teles_explains_kludgeocracy_378.html">kludgeocracy</a>”)</p> <p>But
this analysis actually oversimplifies the dynamics in play. Because
building flexibility into federal—and state—assessment policies to
accommodate <i>languages</i> only touches one part of how multilingualism manifests in schools.</p> <div class=""><p>The number of students in Hawaiian-immersion charter schools has <a href="http://www.edcentral.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/IMG_2543.jpg">more than doubled from 4,960 to 10,540 in the last decade</a>.</p> </div> <p>Here’s
what I mean: Hawaiian language educator and activist Namaka Rawlins
explained the history of language suppression in the islands. “At the
time of annexation, native Hawaiians had the highest literacy rate
of…all ethnic groups in Hawaii,” she said. But Hawaiian language schools
were steadily converted into English, which clipped the language’s
utility and led to a rapid decline in its use. Rawlins explained that
the damage to the Hawaiian language led to a loss of values encoded in
the language, which weakened social cohesion in Hawaiian communities.
The challenge, then, is to find sufficient policy space to preserve the
Hawaiian language <i>and</i> the values it carries within educational
institutions and the global economic context. Language, remember, is a
proxy variable here—a way of creating and participating in communities.</p> <p>That is, even if assessment policies can be adjusted to work for students being educated in the Hawaiian <em>language</em>, there are a bevy of other complicated policies that will need to be modified to support Hawaiian <em>communities</em> in schools. And these accommodations need to happen without crippling the efficacy of the systemic policies they’re modifying.</p> <p>In
her remarks, native Hawaiian immersion school parent Wai’ale’ale
Sarsona offered an alternative to this gloomy picture. She explained how
the flexibility afforded public charter schools helped support the
project of revitalizing the language. Hawaiian parents are responding:
the number of students in Hawaiian-immersion charter schools has <a href="http://www.edcentral.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/IMG_2543.jpg">more than doubled from 4,960 to 10,540 in the last decade</a>. Instead of trying to accommodate Hawaiian language instruction by means of building exceptions, <a href="http://www.edcentral.org/edcyclopedia/waivers/" target="_self" title="Waivers under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (currently known as No Child Left Behind) allow states to avoid NCLB-mandated accountability targets in favor of state-determined accountability regimes. Most states have applied for and received a waiver from the Department of Education that allows them to avoid the 100 percent proficiency targets set by No Child..." class="">waivers</a>,
and other special dispensations into existing systems of education,
charter schools promise broad flexibility around educational processes,
so long as they demonstrate strong academic outcomes. In other words,
they begin from a position of broad flexibility and then impose some
limitations—precisely the opposite of the approach in use with the
assessment waiver.</p> <p>Or rather, <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/27/what-charter-schools-are-getting-right-and-why-they-top-our-high-school-rankings.html">that’s the theory of how charters work best</a>.
However, Sarsona noted that existing educational interests in the state
often threatened their work. After the event, she gave me an example
from her time as a principal in one of the Hawaiian-focused public
charter schools in that state’s Na Lei Naau’ao consortium. One of the
key Hawaiian values her school wanted to support was “<i>Mālama ʻāina</i>,”
which she described as “[caring] for our lands, which means taking
personal responsibility for cleaning up after ourselves [and] keeping
our classrooms neat.” Sarsona made it clear that she wanted this to be
“true for everyone—all staff, all students.” That is, this was an
outgrowth of how her school’s community viewed itself and the values
embedded in the language at the center of their instruction.</p> <p>When Sarsona tried to build <i>Mālama ʻāina</i>
into her school’s model, she quickly ran afoul of Hawaii’s teachers
union, which saw it as an effort to avoid hiring a janitor. Hawaii’s
charter schools are <a href="http://www.publiccharters.org/get-the-facts/law-database/states/HI/">subject to the same statewide collective bargaining agreement</a> as other schools in <a href="http://education.unlv.edu/centers/ceps/study/documents/Hawaii.pdf">the state’s single school district</a>.</p> <p>Sarsona’s
efforts to establish regular after-school programming to engage
families ran into similar problems: what she saw as a way to get
families and teachers from the community working together looked to the
union like an effort to force teachers to work extra minutes without
extra pay. Her teachers pushed for flexibility from the union, but to no
avail. In the end, Sarsona and her teachers agreed to push ahead with
the program anyway—on an informal basis outside the contract.</p> When
the hiring of janitorial staff becomes an impediment to charters’
efforts to design their schools (and their budgets) to better support
linguistic and cultural diversity, that’s proof that a state’s charter
regulations are inflexible to the point of threatening schools’
effectiveness. Which is as good an illustration as any of the challenge
of finding enough flexibility in existing school, district, state, and
federal policies to support DLLs’ multilingualism <i>and</i> their communities—even when using the charter model.<br><br><a href="http://www.edcentral.org/hawaiicharters/">http://www.edcentral.org/hawaiicharters/</a><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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