<div dir="ltr"><h1 class="">Why Nazarbayev Wants Kazakhs to Speak English</h1><p class=""> Published by <a href="http://www.silkroadreporters.com/author/dmitry-shlapentokh/" rel="author"> Dmitry Shlapentokh </a> June 5, 2015</p> <p><a href="http://www.silkroadreporters.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/nazarbayev-kazakhstan-silk-road.jpg" rel="lightbox-0"><img class="" src="http://www.silkroadreporters.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/nazarbayev-kazakhstan-silk-road-300x206.jpg" alt="nazarbayev-kazakhstan-silk-road" height="206" width="300"></a>Recently
Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbaev introduced a new language policy,
with the goal of all Kazakhstan citizens being able to speak Kazakh,
Russian and English. At the same time, he stated that students in high
school and especially in university should be fluent in English.</p><p>One
could regard this program as plainly cultural. Still, the cultural
aspect is only one of the dimensions. There are also broad political
implications of this decision. On the one hand, the
cultural/civilizational aspect, so to speak, of Nazarbaev’s desire to
see the spread of the English language is clear. English has become the
language of international discourse for science, culture and business.</p><p>Nazarbaev
clearly wants to make Kazakhstan a part of the Western world, at least
from the cultural, scientific and economic perspective. Still, there is a
political implication driving this ambitious language policy.</p><p>Kazakhstan
has emerged as a post-Soviet state, with a considerable
Russian-speaking minority, especially in the northern part of the
country. In the very beginning of Kazakhstan’s existence, the country’s
elite still entertained loyalty to Moscow and thought about a closer
relationship with Russia.</p><p>At that time, the Kazakhstan elite had
accepted Eurasianism as an almost official ideological paradigm.
Eurasianism is a philosophical paradigm that emerged among the Russian
émigrés in the 1920s. The point of the theory is that Russia is neither
part of the West nor Slavic worlds but “symbiosis” of Slavs and Muslim,
mostly Turkic, people , and this view of Russia had been predominant
through the late Soviet/early post- Soviet era.</p><p>In the
Eurasianists’ view, Russia is a unique civilization based on the
“symbiosis” of Russians and Muslims, the latter mostly of Turkic origin.
The notion of “symbiosis does not always imply equality. In most
Russian interpretations of Eurasianism, it is the Russians who played
the part of “older brother” to ethnic minorities. In the Kazakh
interpretation, the role was reversed: it was the Kazakhs who either
became equal or, increasingly, the “older brother,” the leading ethnic
group.</p><p>The increasing pressure of Kazakh nationalism started to
challenge the very notion of “symbiosis” where the element of equality
have been implicitly present. In the new interpretation, Kazakhstan was
primarily a state of ethnic Kazakhs. The other ethnic groups, including
ethnic Russians, were tolerated. Still, in this interpretation, they
should understand that they are a peculiar guest in the Kazakh house
and, if they want social mobility and good jobs, should study the Kazakh
language.</p><p>This just aggravated interethnic/intercultural
relationships even more; and in the late 1990s certain Russians who used
the nickname “Pugashe” after the leader of the eighteenth-century
peasant rebellion, planned to start an uprising in North Kazakhstan with
its strong ethnic Russian presence. The uprising should have detached
northern Kazakhstan from Kazakhstan and then either created an
independent state or become attached to Russia. The plot was discovered
and the ringleader received a big prison term.</p><p>In 2002, Eduard
Limonov, a polemic Russian writer and politician, also wanted to follow
the Pugashev plan, albeit with certain modifications. According to the
Limonov plan, the emerging state of ethnic Russian-Kazakhstan would be
much more nationalistic than the Russian mainland. Then “Sudeten”
Russians would ignite the nationalist revolt in Russia and would replace
the Putin regime, which, at that time, Limonov regarded as being
pro-Western and, in general, quite foreign to Russian national
interests. Limonov’s plan was nipped in the bud. He was arrested in
Russia and spent some time in prison.</p><p>All of these events had
demonstrated to Nazarbaev that catering to the nationalistic feeling of
the Kazak elite and increasing push for “Kazakhization” of linguistic
space could backfire and create serious problems. At the same time,
Nazarbaev, a moderate and generally enlightened authoritarian leader,
did not want to follow scenarios prevailing in many parts of post-Soviet
space and, of course, not only here. The first scenario would imply a
cautious linguistic pressure, which should have led to emigration of
most Russian-speaking Kazakhstanians.</p><p>This indeed happened in many
post-Soviet spaces and, of course, in many such countries in
post-colonial Africa and Asia where considerable numbers of Europeans
departed. This departure of Russians from Kazakhstan, as Nazarbaev
understood, would lead to the loss of valuable trained cadres. A second
option implied that Russian-speaking ethnicities would be isolated and
marginalized citizens.</p><p>This was the option in some of the Baltic
states, where considerable Russian-speaking populations was
discriminated against. Such a policy would be quite dangerous,
especially after Moscow’s annexation of Crimea on the grounds of
cultural/linguistic discrimination of the Russian-speaking population.
And there the stress on the importance of English as the language of
higher education and social mobility became quite handy. Indeed, on one
hand English became politically/ethnically “neutral” to both Kazakhs and
Russians. Its study is not related either to discrimination nor
neo-colonial syndrome.</p><p>In addition, both the Russian and Kazakh
elite regard English as the language of superior Western civilization or
at least as the language that opens the door to various opportunities
closed to those who just knew Russian and/or Kazakh. Thus, English
emerges as the transethnic tongue that helps to ensure the creation of a
new identity based on citizenship rather than on race/ethnicity and/or
native language. One, of course, could question how this enterprise
would be implemented in reality. Still, it is clearly a wise approach to
Kazakhstan’s ethnic and cultural problem.</p><p><em><strong>Dmitry Shlapentokh is an Associate Professor of History at Indiana University – South Bend.</strong></em></p><p><em><strong><a href="http://www.silkroadreporters.com/2015/06/05/why-nazarbayev-wants-kazakhs-to-speak-english/">http://www.silkroadreporters.com/2015/06/05/why-nazarbayev-wants-kazakhs-to-speak-english/</a><br></strong></em></p><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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