<div dir="ltr"><h2 class="">
The future of Scots </h2>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<span class=""><a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/author/harry-giles">Harry Giles</a></span> <span class=""><abbr class="" title="2015-07-02T08:43:31+01:00">2 July 2015</abbr></span> </div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div><p>There is a responsibility on those working in Scots to
use the language imaginatively, and to break it into new political possibilities.</p></div> </div>
<div class="">
<p><span class=""><img src="https://dy1m18dp41gup.cloudfront.net/cdn/farfuture/VQxz7dXBhrKlC1_tpR2RkEyGag8zNuctKwM-1fP7NuQ/mtime:1435740114/files/imagecache/article_xlarge/wysiwyg_imageupload/555395/17029950719_99523633b6_z.jpg" alt="Sign saying " title="Welcome to Scotland" class="" style="" width="460"> <span class=""><span class="">What does the future hold for the Scots language? Flickr/summonedbyfells. Some rights reserved.</span></span></span></p><p><em><strong>Below is the Scots version of this piece. It is followed by the English version.</strong></em></p><p><span>Whit's
it mean at Fiona Hylop, whan lenchan Creative Scotland's Scots Leid Policie
this month, hytert ower the pairt o her screed that wis wrote in Scots?</span></p>
<p>Govrenment
<strong>s</strong>creeds<strong> </strong>are wrote in a antrin idiom o English. Wir uissed tae
hearin the teum wirds o public relations slidder sneith by, an most o the
Culture Secretary's screed wis wrote in this aesy tong. Sae nae wunner at, whan
sheu ran intae the Scots o hir screed's final lines – wirds at jummled
archaisms, contemporar urbanisms an variant grammatical firms intae a nyow aald
leid, wirds pangit wi anxieties o cless an identity an nation – sheu wis
scunnert. Tae me, hid's grand tae think at Scots'll mebbe yet fool the wheels o
govrenment.</p>
<p>Hyslop
blethered aboot growan up doon sooth wi a mither wha mostlins spok English bit shifted
straet awey tae a rich urban Scots whan phonan haem. Mebbes, than, no lik the leid
o govrenment, the wirds o the policie lench screed wir uncan onywey: thay mostlins belonged tae the literar (but yet
bonnie an uissfu) canon o Scots steid o the sneck vernaclar hir mither spok doun
the phon. This langed-fir leid – a firmal, standardised Scots suitid tae journalism
an cultural policies – belongs tae the govrenment websites o some Scots' langed-fir
staet, an that wey hid's closser tae the leid o Westminster as the leid
Craigmillar.</p>
<p>A leid
haes mony registers, ilk suitid tae differ situaetions. E'en a teknicly
monolingual body spaeks to thir clossest freinds i a differ leid – wi a differ,
but owerleppan, vocabular, grammar, intonaetion an pronunciaetion – as thay wad
i a job interview. A leid haes mony dialects teu, varyan fae piece tae piece, an
some of thaim wad mebbe staek a claem tae bean a leid an aa. So whan Creative
Scotland's Scots Language Policie (laudably) walcomes aa the kynds o Scots, whit
daes that mean?</p>
<p>Mebbes hid means at ert mad i aa the kynds
o Scots'll be walcomed, wi cultural uphaud due tae the leids o Orkney an
Drumchapel as tae Kelvingrove an Holyrood. This, alang wi a shift in
eddicaetion policie at taks Scots intae the clessroom, is a bangin ootcome o
decaedes o leid activism: wark at means thare's no so mony bairns'll be shaemed
fir the wey thay spaek, an at mor weys o thinkan an scrievan'll mebbe flourish
an be acceptid. But what are the limits
of that acceptance? Hou wad hid be gin a govrenment strategy event haed
spaekers wi Niddrie or Sighthill accents an wirds, an whit leid policie cad gar
that tae com? An aathorised Scots ettles tae tird the leid o ony cless or rural
prejudice, but hid canno end cless conflict or rural depopulaetion, an the
standardiesaetion o Scots hidsel derns the weys wir wirds merk iss oot. “Fouter”
is alloued i the clessreum nou, bit is “fam” – or “fml”?</p>
<p>Scots,
the wey hid's mad nou, is a gustie hags. Thare's dictionars at offer a dizzen
differ spelleens an pronunciaetions fir ilk wird, competeen grammars an
orthographies, wholly incompatible politiecal foondaetions. As a literar leid,
uissed i mony firms, Scots is ferly establieshed, wi a peedie bit signifiecant
trinkle o novels, stories and poietry mad i mony differ weys ilk yaer. As a
spokken vernaclar, Scots haads on, wi more yet o a wrote firm on social media
(A ween more Scots is publieshed on Facebook as i aa Scotland's presses
togither), but hid's no consistent uissed fir journalism, criticism, public
relaetions, or govrenment policie. Whan Creative Scotland saes at hid nou
walcomes fundeen applicaetions i Scots, the gee gars makkan a whole nyow register
tae write wi – wir no yet got a Scots fir the writan o fundeen applicaetions.</p>
<p>A
muckle corpus o Scots comes fae laa, fir Scots wis the leid o laa in Scotland
fir gey wheen o centuries, bit hid's a trachle tae imagine a register o
contemporar Scots suitid tae the tesk. Whit wad hid mean tae mak this
registers?</p>
<p>Speiran at this fankle o quaistions gangs
deep intae whit a cultural fundeen policie or a govrenment leid strategy is fir.
Both ir ert an pert o the apparatus o the staet, o liberal govrenmentality. The
resurgence o the Scots leid is aa frappid i the Scottish Nationalist project, fir
the claim tae a leid haes lang been pert o the claem to staethood. Leid
standardiesation is at the foondaetion o the modren naetion-staet: whan the
Italian an German nation-staetes firmed, thay browt togither mony competan pieces
unner the een govrenment o centralised pouer, an thay browt togither mony
competan dialects unner the een leid o centralised pouer. 20Th
century Scottish Nationalists, ettlan tae firm a nyow 20th century
staet, teuk inspiraetion fae this projects i the erly daes o standardiesation.</p>
<p>Sae a
nyow phaes o Scots leid wark maan be
engaged wi – fir hid's aye been engaged wi – the politiecal formations of the
21st century. As European regional indiependence meuvements come at,
ir thay gaan tae repaet a aerlier process o makkan naetion-staets, wi aa hids leid
politics, or ir thay gaan tae ert oot nyow politiecal an linguistic formaetions?</p>
<p>A'm interestid i politics ootower the naetion-staet,
an that maks me interestid i leids ootower standardiesaetion. We maan uiss wir
utopian imaginaetion. Hou wad hid be tae hae an eddicaetion system whar
standard grammars wir no enforced? Cad that be pert o undoan cless an raecial
oppression i the clessreum? Hou wad hid
be tae bide i a warld whar Standard English didno sleek the flowe o globalised
capitalism, whae we wad maan tak time tae learn whit a body fae the ither side
o the warld (or the next toun ower) wis spaekan, steid o assuman we shared wir
projects an problems i aesy hegemonic understandeen. Hou wad hid be gin that
global English (Panglish?) continued hids process o disintegraetion an
regionaliesaetion, firdered bi text-spaek an Twitter abbrevieaetions an
phoneticisms? How wad hid be gin we didno aa spaek the leid o govrenment? – or gin
we cad understand it, right enof, bit chos tae spaek tae wir comrads an femlies
wi a differ tong? This quaistions bring oot dystopian landscapes cheust as thay
deu utopian possiebilities, bit wir history an wir present hae mony inspiraetions:
pieces whar English daesno ower aa or haes been forcibly expelled, whar the leid
o govrenment is differ fae the tong o haem, whar monolinguality isno the
standard, whar the liberal staet isno the limit o the politiecal imaginaetion.</p>
<p>That
Scots nou haes clear and strang material an financial support is tae be
celebratit. But A wunner gin – an hop at – the frawart, raivelt, ramstam
literar an spokan uiss o Scots wilno thole hids govrenment policie. Thare's a
responsiebility fir them wirkan i Scots tae uiss the leids imaginatively, an tae
turn the nyow level o uphaudan tae utopian ends, tae gar the leid tae bide
rammage an unassimielitatid, tae brak the leid intae nyow politiecal
possibilities.</p><h2><strong>English version:</strong></h2><p><strong><em></em></strong><span>What
does it mean that Fiona Hylop, when launching Creative Scotland's Scots
Language Policy this month, stumbled over the part of her speech that was
written in Scots?</span></p>
<p>Government
speeches are written in a peculiar idiom of English. We're used to hearing the
empty words of public relations slide smoothly by, and most of the Culture
Secretary's speech was written in this easy tongue. So no wonder that, when she
ran into the Scots of her speech's final lines – words that mixed archaisms,
contemporary urbanisms and variant grammatical forms into a new old language,
words stuffed with anxieties of class and identity and nation – she was
scunnered. To me, it's grand to think that Scots might still foul the wheels of
government.</p>
<p><span>Hyslop
talked about growing up in England with a mother who spoke English for the most
part but switched immediately to a rich urban Scots when phoning home.</span><span>Perhaps,
then, unlike the language of government, the words of the policy launch speech
seemed strange and unfamiliar anyway: for the most part, they belonged to the
literary (but still beautiful and useful) canon of Scots rather than the agile
vernacular her mother spoke down the phone. </span><span>This
longed-for language – a formal, standardised Scots suited to journalism and
cultural policies – belongs to the government websites of some Scots'
longed-for state, and as such it's closer to the language of Westminster than
the language of Craigmillar.</span></p>
<p><span>A
language has numerous registers, each suited to different circumstances. Even a
technically monolingual person speaks to their closest friends in a different
language – with a different, if overlapping, vocabulary, grammar, intonation
and pronunciation – than they would in a job interview. A language also has
numerous dialects, varying from region to region, some of which might stake a
claim to being a language as well. So when Creative Scotland's Scots Language
Policy (laudably) welcomes all the varieties of Scots, what does that mean?</span></p>
<p><span>Perhaps
it means that art produced in all the varieties of Scots will be welcomed, with
cultural support due to the languages of Orkney and Drumchapel as much as to
the languages of Kelvingrove and Holyrood. This, along with a shift in
education policy that increasingly brings Scots into the classroom, or at least
accepts the use of Scots in the classroom, is the brilliant outcome of decades
of language activism: it means we can hope that fewer children will be shamed
for the way they speak, and that more ways of thinking and writing can flourish
and be accepted. But whit's the limits o that acceptance? How would it be if a
government strategy event had speakers with Niddrie or Sighthill accents and
words, and what language policy could make that happen?</span></p>
<p><span>An
authorised Scots tries to strip the language of any class or rural prejudice,
but it can't end class conflict or rural depopulation, and the standardisation
of Scots itself hides the ways our words mark us out. “Fouter” is allowed in
the classroom now, but is “fam” – or “fml”?</span></p>
<p><span>Scots,
as it currently exists, is a delicious mess. There are dictionaries that offer
a dozen different spellings and pronunciations for each word, competing
grammars and orthographies, wholly incompatible political foundations. As a
literary language, used in multiple forms, Scots is fairly established, with a
thin but significant trickle of novels, stories and poetry produced in multiple
varieties each year. As a spoken vernacular, Scots holds on, with an extended
written form on social media (I suspect more Scots is published on Facebook
than in all Scotland's presses combined), but it is not consistently used for
journalism, criticism, public relations, or government policy. When Creative
Scotland says that it now welcomes funding applications in Scots, the notion
involves inventing a whole new register to write in – we don't currently have a
Scots in which you can write funding applications.</span></p>
<p>A
significant corpus of Scots comes from law, because Scots was the language of
law in Scotland for some centuries, but it's hard to imagine a register of
contemporary Scots suitable to the task. What would it mean to create these
registers?</p>
<p>Asking
these harder questions goes deep into what a cultural funding policy or a
government language strategy is for. Both are part of the apparatus of the
state, of liberal governmentality. The resurgence of the Scots language is
inextricable from the Scottish Nationalist project, because the claim to a
language has long been part of the claim to statehood. Language standardisation
is at the foundation of the modern nation-state: when the Italian and German
nation-states formed, they brought together multiple competing regions under
one government which centralised power, and they brought together multiple
competing dialects under one language which centralised power. 20Th
century Scottish Nationalists, trying to form a new 20th century
state, took inspiration from those projects in the early days of standardisation.</p>
<p>So a
new phase of Scots language work needs to be engaged in – because it is already
engaged in – the political formations of the 21st century. As
European regional independence movements strengthen, are they going to repeat
an earlier process of nation-state creation, with its attendant language
politics, or are they going to find new political and linguistic formations?</p>
<p>I'm
interested in politics beyond the nation-state, and that makes me interested in
language beyond standardisation. Let's use some utopian imagination. What would
it be like to have an education system where standard grammars were not
enforced? Could that be part of undoing class and racial oppression in the
classroom? What would it be like to live in a world where Standard English did
not smooth the flow of globalised capitalism, where we had to spend time
learning what someone from the other side of the world (or the next town over)
was saying, rather than assuming we shared our projects and problems in easy
hegemonic understanding? What would it be like if that global English
(Panglish?) continued its process of disintegration and regionalisation,
furthered by text-speak and Twitter abbreviations and phoneticisms? What would
it be like if we did not all speak the language of government? – or if we could
understand it, tolerably, but chose to speak to our comrades and families in a
different language?</p>
<p>These
questions bring out dystopian landscapes as much as they do utopian
possibilities, but our history and our present contains many inspirations:
places where English does not rule all or has been forcibly expelled, where the
language of government is different from the language of home, where
monolinguality is not the standard, where the liberal state is not the limit of
the political imagination.</p>
<p>That
Scots now has stronger material and financial support is to be celebrated. But
I wonder if – and hope that – the contrary, snarled, headstrong literary and
spoken use of Scots won't tolerate its government policy. There is a
responsibility on those working in Scots to use the language imaginatively, and
to turn the new level of support to utopian ends, to ensure that the language
remains untamed and unassimilitated, to break the language into new political
possibilities.</p> <br></div><a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/harry-giles/future-of-scots">https://www.opendemocracy.net/harry-giles/future-of-scots</a><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
</div>