<div dir="ltr">Forcing South African students to learn African languages won't do them any good<br><br>The status of languages is a <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/south-african-students-protest-afrikaans-150902065344452.html">political hot potato</a> on South Africa’s university campuses. The country’s minister of higher education and training <a href="http://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/call-compulsory-african-language">believes</a> that all university graduates in South Africa should have learned at least one African language during their studies.
<p class="">The University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), located
in South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal province, became the first to heed the
minister’s call when it <a href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130531073217996">introduced Zulu</a> as a compulsory subject for all new students from 2014. This is part of its broader <a href="http://registrar.ukzn.ac.za/Libraries/policies/Language_Policy_-_CO02010906.sflb.ashx">language policy</a>, which emphasises “the need to achieve for Zulu the institutional and academic status of English”.</p>
<p class="">UKZN has been hailed for this move, but some have also <a href="http://www.ufs.ac.za/docs/default-source/timeslive-documents/2013-05-23---master-one-language-before-tackling-another-1258-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=0">warned</a> that making only Zulu compulsory is a political decision that may contribute to linguistic and cultural nationalism.</p>
<p class="">My current research, which I recently presented at a <a href="http://www.britac.ac.uk/events/2015/African_Multilingualism.cfm">conference</a>
of the British Academy, explores the interplay between language
dynamics and ideological constructions in South African higher
education. It examines UKZN specifically in light of the introduction of
the compulsory Zulu module.</p>
<p class="">Some
of the findings suggest that the university’s top-down approach in this
instance has alienated even some Zulu language lecturers. They feel
this policy is actually doing their language a disservice.</p>
<h2>Problems and paradoxes</h2>
<p class="">Nearly 78% of KwaZulu-Natal’s residents speak Zulu as <a href="http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/5">a first language</a>.
The university argues that, given this demography, choosing Zulu as a
compulsory African language can contribute to social cohesion and nation
building in the province and beyond.</p>
<p class="">There is no doubt that all South Africans, no
matter their background, should ideally be fluent in at least one
African language. UKZN’s non-Zulu staff and students can benefit
enormously from learning the language.</p>
<p class="">But there are two major problems with the policy.
The first is ideological. Quite simply, Zulu is not a pan-African
language. It’s not even a transnational one like Kiswahili, which is the
<em>lingua franca</em> in Tanzania and Kenya. Zulu is inextricably
linked to Zulu ethnicity – and the policy is therefore seen by some as
prioritizing one nation or group above any others.</p>
<span class=""><span class=""> </span><span>The policy is seen by some as prioritizing one nation or group above any others.</span><span class=""> </span></span>
<p class="">The second problem is more practical and relates
to the content of the course. The 2014 policy sees Zulu taught for just
one semester – that’s about five months. Zulu language lecturers say
this system has created so many problems that any real value is being
lost.</p>
<p class="">During
November and December 2014 I interviewed seven people who are involved
in developing and championing UKZN’s language policy and six Zulu
lecturers at two of the institution’s campuses.</p>
<p class="">The lecturers said that morale among students in
the compulsory module is so low that they are little more than
“resistance learners”. One lecturer called the module a “Mickey Mouse”
course that gives students only the most basic knowledge of the
language.</p>
<p class="">There is also a paradox between the university’s
stated policy and its practice. In interviews with UKZN language policy
stakeholders I was informed that the objective of the module is for
students to acquire “communicative competence” in Zulu. But there are so
many students in each class that there is simply no space for the sort
of “conversational” component that would teach them how to “chat” in
Zulu.</p>
<p class="">The UKZN <em>Basic isiZulu </em>module had 325
students in 2013, 1381 in 2014 when the policy was implemented and has
2254 in 2015. Oral practice lessons are absolutely impossible with such
huge classes.</p>
<h2>The danger of stigma</h2>
<p class="">Any language can acquire a stigma because of
sociopolitical circumstances. During the apartheid era, Afrikaans was
viewed as the <a href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/june-16-soweto-youth-uprising">language of the oppressor</a> – a tag it has still not <a href="http://www.thedailyvox.co.za/open-stellenbosch-protest-its-like-the-remnants-of-apartheid-live-here/">shaken off</a>. And this is despite the majority of Afrikaans speakers today being “coloured”, and not Afrikaners.</p>
<p class="">Some
of the Zulu lecturers I interviewed actually drew explicit links
between the compulsory teaching of Afrikaans during apartheid and UKZN’s
mandatory Zulu lessons. This emphasises that it is the compulsory
aspect of the course which is seen as particularly problematic.</p>
<p class="">It is absolutely necessary for South African
education to move away from the English hegemony, and African language
learning will play a crucial role in this shift. African language
learning – both for mother tongue and second language learners – must be
fostered at primary and secondary school level. <span class=""><span class=""> </span><span>Linguistic diversity should be approached as a resource and a tool for creativity and nation building</span><span class=""> </span></span></p>
<p class="">The early practice of academic reading and
writing in African languages should be taken for granted for all South
Africans. My previous <a href="https://books.google.co.za/books?id=90FBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=IsiZulu-English+Bilingualisation+at+the+University+of+KwaZulu-Natal:+An+Exploration+of+Students%27+attitudes&source=bl&ots=ie1TpbtY0G&sig=kykdTlvdv3ilskrLaNzQ3ZbQoGk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIjYnF1J-cyAIVw2sUCh2tdwPv#v=onepage&q=IsiZulu-English%20Bilingualisation%20at%20the%20University%20of%20KwaZulu-Natal%3A%20An%20Exploration%20of%20Students%27%20attitudes&f=false">research</a> shows that fostering Zulu as an academic language at tertiary level is far too late in academic development.</p>
<p class="">Linguistic diversity should be approached as a
resource and a tool for creativity and nation building. Ideally, every
child in KwaZulu-Natal should learn Zulu from a very young age. But this
type of change needs to emerge from the bottom up rather than being
imposed from the top down. The UKZN language policy seems to be an
example of a top-down approach that is deeply shaped by ideological and
political interests rather than with sound educational practice in mind.</p>
Ultimately, shouldn’t South African universities
aim to make non-African language speakers aware of the beauty and
benefits of knowing an African language – rather than forcing students
to study them?<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/48330/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" height="1" width="1"><br><br><br><br><a href="http://qz.com/514949/forcing-south-african-students-to-learn-african-languages-wont-do-them-any-good/">http://qz.com/514949/forcing-south-african-students-to-learn-african-languages-wont-do-them-any-good/</a><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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