<div dir="ltr"><h1 style="clear:both">Using Ghanaian language as medium of instruction in schools</h1>
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<p style="clear:right">By Issah Baffoe & Anthony Kwaku Amoah<br>
The right type of language to use as a medium of instruction in schools
has been a thorny issue to contend with for some time now. Ghana, like
many African countries, has not been spared of this challenge of choice.
In fact, it has become a major matter of concern to many of us.<br>
Findings say children who are taught in their mother tongues tend to
grasp educational concepts and principles faster and easier than they do
when taught in other languages. It has also been established that the
use of mother tongue as a medium of instruction in early grades of
education sets the tone for effective acquisition of any other language.<br>
Language policy on education in Ghana, by way of history, has undergone
several metamorphoses. A cursory look at things has shown that our
nation did pursue a Dual Language Policy before 1925. The Wesleyan
Missionaries, who settled along the western coast of then Gold Coast,
used English Language as a medium of instruction in schools while Ga,
Ewe and Twi were used along the eastern coast and inland parts of the
country by the Bremen and Basel Missionaries. These local languages were
developed and effectively used by the Missionaries. Ofosu-Appiah (1976)
identifies that, “as far back as 1872 Arithmetic was taught wholly in
Twi and Ewe and the Twi and Ewe Grammars and Dictionaries were among the
best in the world of scholarship…”<br>
The use of mother tongue as a medium of instruction was strengthened by
the passage of the 1925 Education Ordinance, which made Ghanaian
languages a medium of instruction compulsory from primary one to three
and as a subject of study at primary four while English Language was
used from primary four onwards. This arrangement existed until our
political independence when English Language became the medium of
instruction even from primary one. The Local Language Policy was
revisited, switched off again and back. Pupils from kindergarten one to
primary three now are instructed in local languages. <br>
It is interesting to note that out of over sixty identifiable Ghanaian
languages, fifteen have been developed and eleven out of the fifteen are
studied at the various levels of our educational system, including
universities. At the non-formal level, all the fifteen languages are
being studied. <br>
The Dzobo Committee Report (1974) on “The New Structure and Content of
Education in Ghana” suggested the use of Ghanaian languages as a medium
of instruction in the first three years of child education. The Report
prescribed that, “The child should learn his own language in the primary
school and in addition one other Ghanaian language. English should
gradually become a medium of instruction as from primary class four”. It
moved on to make compulsory the study of a Ghanaian language in
addition to other subjects in secondary schools. Teacher training
colleges made their students to learn their native languages and one
other Ghanaian language. Interestingly enough, this policy, which lasted
since 1988, still exists though there have been a series of reforms.<br>
As we speak, the Ghana Education Service (GES) implements a policy which
gives prominence to the study and use of Ghanaian languages in all our
basic schools. A visit to kindergarten and lower primary (grade 1 to 3)
classes would tell you that the study and use of Ghanaian languages is
not being joked with at all. Just ask any basic school teacher to hear
stuff on Twi, Ga, Fante, Ewe, Dagbani, Gonja, Dagaare, among others as
provided for by the National Literacy Accelerated Programme (NALAP).<br>
NALAP is a USAID-sponsored programme which GES helps to implement in
public pre-tertiary schools, especially. It is progressing fairly well
despite some challenges. It is a bilingual approach to the study and use
of Ghanaian language and English at the kindergarten to primary three
levels. It is helping to improve the ability of pupils to start reading
and writing in their local languages. The focus of the NALAP concept is
to imbibe in the child the love for his or her local language and the
ability to communicate in it effectively as a step towards the
acquisition of a second language (in our case the English Language). The
study and use of Ghanaian language does not terminate at the early
grades of primary school. It continues with English Language as a
subject till the end of basic education and beyond where it is run as an
elective course of study at the secondary and tertiary institutions. <br>
Several factors contribute to low achievement of pupils. Scientific
evidence suggests that there is some correlation between the ability of
the child to use the native language and his or her command in the use
of any other language. GES, in its Complementary Basic Education (CBE)
programme, also believes that the use of local language in preparing
instructional materials makes teaching and learning effective and
stimulating. It must be appreciated that schooling is not just about
learning to read and write English. It cannot be said to be true that
English Language is the only panacea for avoiding unemployment and
under-development. <br>
Fluency and control over one’s own language can set the foundation for
eradicating poverty and ignorance. It is a contentious assertion but it
can be true. Our culture, customs and tradition are best explained and
appreciated when told in the native language. We forge better
association and socialization with others when we communicate well with
them in an indigenous language. The child easily grasps lessons in
numeracy, arithmetic and basic life skills when taught in his or her own
language. Can we afford to throw away the rich proverbs, riddles and
puzzles carried by our Ghanaian languages? Certainly not!<br>
Teaching the child how to speak and write in Ewe, Ga, Twi, Dagbani,
Dagaare or whatever cannot be said to be education by default. As the
trader parent strives to teach the ward how to speak good Fante at Abora
Obohen, the lawyer or banker father must do same for his daughter in
that plush school at Dansoman in Accra. After all, they are all
Ghanaians and will even be writing Ghanaian Language during their basic
education examination soon. <br>
GES, through the CBE programme, would continue to support out-of-school
children and those in ‘hard to reach’ locations to also access
education. The study and use of the Ghanaian language shall continue to
reign supreme in the attainment of this task.<br>
Let us regard any support for language policy as a step towards our own
socio-economic, cultural and political good. We do not think our
pre-occupation now is to fight proponents of local language policy but
to contribute to the debate on which of one of our local languages
should become the national language of instruction in schools and for
better national cohesion and integration. We shall be back! <br>
The writers are educationists and Public Relations Officers at the Headquarters of the Ghana Education Service.</p><p style="clear:right"><a href="http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Using-Ghanaian-language-as-medium-of-instruction-in-schools-390375">http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Using-Ghanaian-language-as-medium-of-instruction-in-schools-390375</a><br></p><p style="clear:right"><br></p><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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