<div dir="ltr"><h1>Language and transformation at Stellenbosch University</h1>
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L HILL & S ROBINS
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<div class=""><a href="http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-11-30-op-ed-language-and-transformation-at-stellenbosch-university/"><div class=""><img class="" src="http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/706x410q70Hill-and-Robin-Language.jpg" alt="Photo: Students march with a banner during a protest at South Africa's Stellenbosch University in Stellenbosch, in this picture taken September 1, 2015. REUTERS/Mike Hutchings" border="0"> </div></a></div>
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<div class=""><p>Practical problems associated with academic
reading and writing tend not to feature prominently in the language
debate at Stellenbosch University. Arguably, the most pressing
pedagogical issue in the current debate is the role of written language,
and increasingly English, in fostering academic literacies across a
range of knowledge areas, or domains, not just nationally but globally.
The argument that universities need to reflect regional demographics and
promote “mother tongue instruction” rides roughshod over this issue. By
LLOYD HILL and STEVEN ROBINS.</p></div>
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<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino"><i>Dr
Lloyd Hill and Dr Steven Robins are lecturers in the Department of
Sociology and Social Anthropology at Stellenbosch University.</i></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">On
Monday 30 November, the Council of Stellenbosch University, will face a
critical decision; whether or not to support a proposal by the Rector,
Professor Wim de Villiers, to make English the “primary language” of
communication, administration and teaching. Earlier in the months, the
Rector’s Management Team (RMT) released a statement, in which the key
section reads as follows:</span></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">“<span>Since
English is the common language in South Africa, all learning at
Stellenbosch University will be facilitated in English, and substantial
academic support will be provided in other South African languages,
according to students’ needs.”</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">Within
days the Executive Committee of Council responded with a statement
affirming that the RMT proposal was “a discussion document and not a
policy statement” and that “the approved minimum offering in Afrikaans
and English will be applicable at Stellenbosch University (SU) in 2016.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">Language
is a very sensitive issue at Stellenbosch. While acknowledging this, we
aim to unpack the current debate by way of an analysis that focuses on
the ideological, policy-related and experiential aspects of language as a
medium of teaching and learning at Stellenbosch. We begin by
emphasizing the tension between the formal articulation of language
policies (at different levels) and actual everyday pedagogical practices
in the classroom. We, along with more than 200 other staff members at
Stellenbosch, have openly supported the Rector’s statement, based
largely on our first-hand experiences as lecturers at the university.
The views expressed here are our own, but we draw on and situate our
experiences within a specific academic department, Sociology and Social
Anthropology, and the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino"><span>The </span><span><i>taaldebat,</i></span><span>
or language debate, has been simmering at Stellenbosch for years, but
the key events of 2015 – the launching of the Open Stellenbosch
movement, the Luister video, the appearance of the RMT before
Parliament’s Portfolio Committee on Higher Education and Training, and
the #FeesMustFall campaign – have brought this matter to a head. Next
week the University Council will have to choose between an “inclusivity
imperative” (in Wim de Villiers’ words) and what many see as the
imperative to “safeguard” the academic status of Afrikaans at the
University. We write in support of the former, but in order to make this
case it is necessary to trace the recent history of the language debate
at Stellenbosch. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">The
focus of the current debate is a policy adopted by the University’s
Council in December 2014. Where previously Afrikaans was the “default”
language of instruction, the current policy gives English and Afrikaans
equal status as “languages of undergraduate teaching” at Stellenbosch.
The motivation for this change came a year earlier. In April 2013, in
what he termed “the most historic Council meeting of my term as Rector”,
then Rector, Russel Botman, announced the core components of the
University’s Vision 2030. These included a new residence placement
policy and an enrolment target of 50% coloured, African and Indian
students by 2018. While Professor Botman argued that the University
needed to “continue to support Afrikaans”, he also identified “language
accessibility” as a key objective and the increased use of English as a
means of achieving this. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">It
was, however, only after Russel Botman’s untimely passing – in June 2014
– that the process of reformulating the University’s language policy
was announced. The defining feature of this policy-revision was the
haste with which it was pursued. Documents outlining the new approach,
policy and plan were circulated on 30 July 2014 and interested parties
were given less than two weeks to submit comments. The intention, it
seemed, was to “fix” a policy position prior to the appointment of a new
vice chancellor. The broad intent was purportedly to align the
University’s language policy with the transformation commitments that
Professor Botman had made a year earlier. But the University’s Council
inserted a commitment to “safeguarding” the development of Afrikaans as
an academic language – a formulation that in 2015 has been challenged by
both Open Stellenbosch and the Students Representative Council. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">The
current language policy is framed in terms five options with respect to
medium of instruction: Afrikaans only (A); English only (E); dual medium
or use of both languages in the same class (T); parallel medium (P);
and, the most recent addition, English or Afrikaans used in conjunction
with simultaneous interpreting. Where until recently Afrikaans and dual
medium instruction (T-option) were considered to be the “preferred
options”, the current policy prioritizes “parallel” instruction, either
in the form of duplicated lectures or by means of simultaneous
interpretation during lectures. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">The
official position, until recently, has been that these options offer a
means to balance demands for the retention of Afrikaans as a medium of
instruction with demands for transformation and greater access. The
Rector’s statements on 12 November, and in an email on 18 November,
would seem to reflect a commitment to change the current policy. While
conceding that the policy will remain unchanged in 2016, he draws a
distinction between “changes to the language policy” and “language
implementation.” The following flows from this position: a tacit
recognition within the RMT of problems with the current language policy
and plan; an overt commitment to reviewing the current policy; and a
suggestion that “implementation measures” needed to address the
“inclusivity imperative” can be introduced in 2016. But what are the
problems with the current policy of maintaining the relatively equal
status of English and Afrikaans as undergraduate media of instruction? </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino"><span>While
not explicitly stated in the language policy or plan, the December 2014
documents reflected an important shift. In both the written policy and
the official discourse on language, the reformulated commitment to
“multilingualism” reflects a tacit recognition that – given the
University’s commitment to changing the demographic profile of the
undergraduate student population – both the Afrikaans (A) and dual
medium instruction (T- option) are politically untenable. The reason for
this is that both assume a minimum level of proficiency in Afrikaans as
a second language – and this presumption is exclusionary. At issue is
not simply “Afrikaans” as a spoken language, but rather the requirement
of a high level competence in </span><span><i>both</i></span><span> English and Afrikaans as academic practices. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">In
2015 the new “preferred options” – parallel medium instruction and
simultaneous interpreting – have also been contested. In the current
policy a diffuse commitment to “multilingualism” tends to paper over
issues associated with resource constraints (human and material) and the
pedagogical demands that will become increasingly apparent as the
demographic profiles of the student and lecturing staff populations
change. Parallel medium instruction may be a medium term solution in
some Faculties, but it is economically and sociologically unsustainable.
Sociologically it assumes the maintenance of bilingual proficiency
among staff. In our department Afrikaans competence has for some years
not been a serious consideration for staff appointments, and we suspect
this is indicative of a wider trend. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">Similarly,
the simultaneous interpretation of lectures is a practice that cannot
simply be treated as a technical solution for problems associated with
language in higher education. Interpretation was a notable theme in the
Luister video, and the following quote resonates with concerns that have
been expressed by some academic staff in our Faculty: </span></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">“…<span>also
with the translation devices they are very delayed and sometimes they
use words that aren’t supposed to be… like they don’t have the correct
jargon, because they have never studied engineering, they’ve studied
language…”</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">The
direction of translation (Afrikaans-to-English or English-to-Afrikaaans)
is an important aspect affecting the politicisation of this issue:
translation into English is contested, but translation into Afrikaans is
much less of an issue. One of us (Hill) recently opted to lecture in
English and make use of the interpreting service. The headsets were
offered to a class of about 300, but there were no takers. When asked
why they did not make use of this facility, the most common response was
because the reading material was in English. There are however two
other possible and potentially overlapping reasons for this pattern.
Firstly, all or most of the Afrikaans speakers considered themselves
sufficiently competent in English. Secondly, Afrikaans speakers – who
might have been inclined to make use of the service – may have feared
stigma in a context where English-Afrikaans bilingual competence is
highly prized. For both white and black students therefore, we need to
explore the extent to which wearing a headset marks one as a weaker
student. Furthermore, some members of our Department have been lecturing
in English for many years and seldom, if ever, encounter language
complaints from their Afrikaans-speaking students. These students are,
however, given the option of writing essays and exams in Afrikaans, but a
growing number of first language Afrikaans-speakers are opting to write
in English.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino"><span>Practical problems associated with academic reading and writing do not tend to feature prominently in the </span><span><i>taaldebat</i></span><span>.
Arguably the most pressing pedagogical issue in the current debate is
the role of written language (and increasingly English) in fostering
academic literacies across a range of knowledge “areas” or domains, not
just nationally but globally. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">The
argument that universities need to reflect regional demographics and
promote “mother tongue instruction” rides roughshod over this issue. The
mother tongue lobby tends to ignore the fact that campus populations
are increasingly diverse, not simply in terms of “home language” but
also in terms of the complex intersection of language “repertoires” and
other social markers – such as race, gender and class. Resource
constraints will increasingly bring the current policy focus on the
parallel transmission of “content” into conflict with the growing demand
for top quality domain-specific training in academic reading, writing
and other research-related skills. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">The
status of Afrikaans at Stellenbosch has shifted: from “official” to
“default” medium in 2002; and to a position of formal equality with
English in 2014. And 2016 seems set to usher in another round of change,
which will in all likelihood establish English as principal academic
medium. This is understandably disconcerting for many people, but it is
not – as Hermann Giliomee (Die Burger, 17 November) would have us
believe – simply the product of bad “choices.” Decisions matter, which
is why the choice facing the University’s Council on Monday will be
momentous. But choices are shaped and constrained by the abilities of
leaders to recognise complex aspects of a changing context. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">At an
ideological level the debate at Stellenbosch now boils down to a choice
between sustaining Afrikaans within a form of institutional bilingualism
and adopting English as a means to greater inclusivity. Sustaining
Afrikaans as an academic medium poses a particular problem for black
students who do not have the necessary bilingual competence. One student
in the Luister video put it as follows: </span></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">“<span>Afrikaans
just for conversation is something else, I like it by the way… but when
I have to go to class, and I sit with a lecturer who speaks academic
Afrikaans… I don’t get it. I don’t understand it.”</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino">There
are emerging class issues associated with the growing status of English
in South Africa, but it is simplistic to describe the use of English as
post-dated “colonialism.” More so at Stellenbosch, where black students –
still a relatively small minority – are increasingly prominent in the
transformation debate. The ideological debate is however, not simply
shifting in response to “big ideas”, but increasingly as a response to
what we would call “ethnographic realities” in the classroom. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino"><span>Political
pressure has played an important role in current debate, but the
fundamental issue that we have tried to explore here is the tension
between formal language prescriptions and actual classroom practices.
Language policy at Stellenbosch has tended to be reactive, lagging
behind actual practices. Given that both language maintenance and change
are inherently political, this is to some extent understandable. But,
if Stellenbosch University is to build its reputation as a top national
and international university, it must now seize this opportunity to
transform and become more inclusive. We therefore support the Rector’s
initiative and hope that, come Monday, enough Council members will
recognise that broadening access and sustaining quality learning and
teaching are the overriding issues at stake in this debate. </span><span><span style="text-decoration:underline"><b>DM</b></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino"><a name="a3.1.2.5.1.3.2:CaptionLong_Lbl"></a> <span><i>Photo:
Students march with a banner during a protest at South Africa's
Stellenbosch University in Stellenbosch, in this picture taken September
1, 2015. REUTERS/Mike Hutchings.</i></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:georgia,palatino"><span><i><a href="http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-11-30-op-ed-language-and-transformation-at-stellenbosch-university/#.VlyHs-KU2-c">http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-11-30-op-ed-language-and-transformation-at-stellenbosch-university/#.VlyHs-KU2-c</a><br></i></span></span></p></div></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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