<div dir="ltr"><h1 class="" itemprop="headline"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/climate/2015-paris-climate-talks/at-climate-talks-three-letters-almost-sunk-the-deal"><span class="">('Shall' vs. 'should')<br></span></a></h1><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> <h1 class="" itemprop="headline">
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/climate/2015-paris-climate-talks/at-climate-talks-three-letters-almost-sunk-the-deal">At Climate Talks, Three Letters That Almost <span class="">Sank the Deal</span></a>
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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/climate/2015-paris-climate-talks/at-climate-talks-three-letters-almost-sunk-the-deal" itemprop="url" class="">
<span class="" itemprop="datePublished">2015-12-14T09:18:36-05:00</span>
<span class="">December 14, 2015</span>
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<p itemprop="articleBody text">PARIS — In the 11th hour before the
landmark climate deal was approved on Saturday, three letters threatened
to derail years of calculated negotiations and two weeks of intense
diplomacy — those that made “should” into “shall.”</p>
<p itemprop="articleBody text">Those two words may seem disarmingly similar, but on the international stage, they are worlds apart in terms of the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/climate/2015-paris-climate-talks/a-leaner-climate-proposal-emerges-complete-with-big-questions">diplomatic meaning</a>
they carry. The legally binding “shall” stopped the United States cold
when it showed up on Saturday in what was to be the final draft of the
historic pact.</p>
<p itemprop="articleBody text">Throughout the process, the longer and
less binding “should” was a deliberate part of the international
agreement, put there to establish that the richest countries, including
the United States, felt obligated to pony up money to help poor
countries adapt to climate change and make the transition to sustainable
energy systems. “Shall” meant something altogether different, American
officials said. </p>
<p itemprop="articleBody text">When “shall” was spotted in the document
on Saturday, Secretary of State John Kerry called his French counterpart
and made it clear that unless a switch was made, France could not count
on American support for the agreement. </p>
<p itemprop="articleBody text">“I said: ‘We cannot do this and we will
not do this. And either it changes, or President Obama and the United
States will not be able to support this agreement,’ ” Mr. Kerry told
reporters after delegates had accepted the deal by consensus Saturday
night, amid cheering and the celebratory stamping of feet.</p>
<p itemprop="articleBody text">In the world of diplomatic negotiations,
seeking a culprit or trying to ferret out ill intention from another
party could have spelled doom for an effort that the French and the
Americans were equally eager to see succeed.</p>
<p itemprop="articleBody text">With talks already running past their
Friday deadline, the French conceded the change of wording had simply
been “a mistake.” By humbling the “shall” to the status of a typo, it
could swiftly be “fixed” and replaced by the more benign “should.”</p>
<p itemprop="articleBody text">The fix made, within hours, the 31-page text was presented and adopted. The French had succeeded; the Americans were appeased.</p>
<p itemprop="articleBody text">“It was a genuine – it was a mistake,” Mr. Kerry, a seasoned diplomat, said with finality. “I am convinced.”</p><p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/climate/2015-paris-climate-talks/at-climate-talks-three-letters-almost-sunk-the-deal">http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/climate/2015-paris-climate-talks/at-climate-talks-three-letters-almost-sunk-the-deal</a><br></p>Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
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