<div dir="ltr"><div class=""> <h2 class=""> The future of mother-tongue education </h2> <dl class=""><dt class=""><br></dt><dd class=""> By Marie Lall and Ashley South | Tuesday, 09 February 2016 </dd></dl> <p><strong>As
we approach the era of democracy, the citizens of Myanmar are looking
to the new government to resolve many of the issues that the previous
administration either left unfinished, or did not tackle at all. The
fact that the National League for Democracy won a majority (or at least
plurality) across all ethnic states in Myanmar, <a class="" href="http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/17632-ethnic-parties-fall-short-of-expectations.html"><strong>displacing</strong></a> the ethnic political parties at national and state level, means that the NLD now has a particular responsibility to <a class="" href="http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/18092-nld-yet-to-engage-with-ethnic-parties.html"><strong>represent the needs</strong></a> and desires of the ethnic minorities as well as those of the majority Bamar community.</strong></p> <p><strong><span class="" style="display:inline-block;line-height:0.5;vertical-align:top;background-color:rgb(229,231,233);text-align:left;width:500px;margin:0px"><img src="http://www.mmtimes.com/images/mte/2016/di229/mother-tongue-education-2-kh.jpg" alt="Photo: Kaung Htet / The Myanmar Times" title="The future of mother-tongue education" style="margin: 0px;" border="0" height="350" width="500"><span class="" style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:9pt;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;padding:4px 8px;margin:0px">Photo: Kaung Htet / The Myanmar Times</span></span></strong></p> <p>One issue that remains largely unresolved is the <a class="" href="http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/lifestyle/17707-ethnic-language-struggles-near-china-border.html">use of ethnic languages in education</a>,
especially in areas with large numbers of ethnic-language speakers.
Myanmar’s history of enforced Burmanisation since the era of Ne Win,
when all schools were nationalised and Bamar saga became the only
language allowed in schools, resulted in widespread resistance on the
part of many ethnic groups.</p> <p>Several of the larger ethnic armed
groups developed their own schools and education departments, and
children in ethnic armed group-controlled areas often had access to
schooling in their mother tongue through locally owned and delivered
education systems. However, for many decades ethnic nationality children
in government-controlled areas had very little access to education in
their mother tongue, other than informally through civil society
networks, such as those connected to Christian churches. Since the
mid-1990s, however, ceasefires in some ethnic areas, including Mon
State, allowed for some “mixed” schools to flourish, offering a
combination of government and ethnic armed group curricula. Still, these
schools did not reach all ethnic children in conflict-affected areas.</p> <p>It
might have been hoped that the peace process engendered under the last
government would have started to address issues of ethnic language and
education. However, they have thus far been largely absent from peace
negotiations, as both the government and armed groups have had other
priorities. Nevertheless, during this period the government did start an
education review and reform process that amongst other things began to
address the issue of who was being taught what languages in the
classroom.</p> <p>The resulting National Education Law recognises that
early childhood education is more effective if provided in the mother
tongue. This is in line with international research and best practice,
which indicates strongly that children learn best and achieve most when
taught in their mother tongue, especially in the early years of
schooling. There seems to be increasing commitment on the part of a
range of stakeholders to give ethnic nationality children some form of
instruction in their ethnic language. For example, an ongoing UNICEF
project has been producing ethnic language readers for government
schools, in partnership with local stakeholders.</p> <p>However, what
the education reforms have not yet addressed is the widespread demand by
ethnic parents for primary schooling with the appropriate ethnic
language as a medium of instruction – something which is internationally
recognised as good practice, and quite different from teaching the
ethnic language in school as a second language. So while reforms have
opened some space for mother-tongue education in government schools,
they do not go nearly far enough to meet the demands of ethnic
stakeholders – for schooling to take place in ethnic languages.</p> <p>Another,
related issue is the future status of the education departments within
the ethnic armed groups. In many ethnic states, such as Mon, local
ethnic armed group education actors are delivering the government
curriculum, with some additional content, taught in the mother tongue.
Chapter 6 of the nationwide ceasefire agreement recognises the roles of
signatories in providing education and other services in areas under
their authority. But as the peace process moves ahead, the role these
organisations play in service delivery for the ethnic communities in
conflict-affected areas is bound to change.</p> <p>The fact that there
are well-developed education systems and school networks that offer the
government curriculum in ethnic languages is actually of great
advantage. The new law also commits the government to providing
education to all children across the union. Therefore, the government
has the choice either to build many new schools in remote areas and
staff them with government teachers (of whom there are not enough), or
to start a collaborative process with ethnic schools that are already
there.</p> <p>Building new government schools in conflict-affected areas
could easily exacerbate tensions and mistrust with ethnic communities
beginning to emerge from decades of conflict. The solution to the
government’s conundrum – of providing education in mother tongue to
ethnic communities in remote areas – lies in a form of convergence
between the state system and non-state ethnic schools. This could result
in a triple-win outcome for ethnic stakeholders, communities and the
Ministry of Education.</p> <p>Of course, this will require some form of
negotiated agreement on accreditation of teachers and schools, and is
more complicated to develop with systems that do not use the government
curriculum, such as the Karen National Union schools. However, a
precedent of government-“aided” school programs already exists for
schools set up by the community. A similar formula can be developed for
ethnic armed groups’ non-state schools that will allow the government to
offer mother tongue-based education and reach remote communities, while
also allowing ethnic stakeholders to continue delivering locally owned
education.</p> <p>The development of such a policy should be an
essential part of political dialogue with ethnic armed groups and is
necessary to sustained and substantial national reconciliation in
Myanmar. This not least because a sustainable resolution to Myanmar’s
long-standing ethnic conflicts will be difficult to achieve without
education reform that addresses the right language policies.</p> <hr> <p><em>Marie
Lall is professor of education and South Asian studies at UCL Institute
of Education in London and Ashley South is a research fellow at Chiang
Mai University in Thailand. They are the authors of Schooling and
Conflict: Ethnic Education and Mother Tongue-based Teaching in Myanmar, a
report that will be launched at the International conference on
language policy in multicultural and multilingual settings, to be held
at Mandalay University from February 8 to 11.</em></p> <a href="http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/opinion/18871-the-future-of-mother-tongue-education.html">http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/opinion/18871-the-future-of-mother-tongue-education.html</a><br></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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