<div dir="ltr"><h1 itemprop="headline" id="headline" class="">New Evidence on When Bible Was Written: Ancient Shopping Lists</h1>
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<p class=""><span class="" itemprop="author creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">By <span class="" itemprop="name">ISABEL KERSHNER</span></span>APRIL 11, 2016
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<span class="">Letters inscribed on pottery,
known as ostracons, which were unearthed in an excavation of a fort in
Arad, Israel, and dated to about 600 B.C., shortly before
Nebuchadnezzar’s destruction of Jerusalem.</span>
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<span class="">Credit</span>
Michael Cordonsky/Israel Antiquities Authority </span>
<p class="">TEL
AVIV — Eliashib, the quartermaster of the remote desert fortress,
received his instructions in writing — notes inscribed in ink on pottery
asking for provisions to be sent to forces in the ancient kingdom of
Judah.</p><p class="">The
requests for wine, flour and oil read like mundane, if ancient,
shopping lists. But a new analysis of the handwriting suggests that
literacy may have been far more widespread than previously known in the
Holy Land around 600 B.C., toward the end of the First Temple period.
The findings, according to the researchers from Tel Aviv University,
could have some bearing on a century-old debate about when the main body
of biblical texts was composed.</p><p class="">“To
Eliashib: And now, give the Kittiyim 3 baths of wine, and write the
name of the day,” read one of the texts, composed in ancient Hebrew
using the Aramaic alphabet, and apparently referring to a Greek
mercenary unit in the area.</p><p class="">Another said: “And a full homer of wine, bring tomorrow; don’t be late. And if there is vinegar, give it to them.”</p><p class="">The new study, <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/04/05/1522200113.abstract">published on Monday</a> in <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/p/proceedings_of_the_national_academy_of_sciences/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences" class="">the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>,
combined archaeology, Jewish history and applied mathematics, and
involved computerized image processing and the development of an
algorithm to distinguish between the various authors issuing the
commands.</p><p class="">Based
on a statistical analysis of the results, and taking into account the
content of the texts that were chosen for the sample, the researchers
concluded that at least six different hands had written the 18 missives
at around the same time. Even soldiers in the lower ranks of the
Judahite army, it appears, could read and write.</p><p class="">“There
is something psychological beyond the statistics,” said Prof. Israel
Finkelstein of the Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern
Civilizations at Tel Aviv University, one of the leaders of the project.
“There is an understanding of the power of literacy. And they wrote
well, with hardly any mistakes.”</p><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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