<div dir="ltr"><h2 class="">he Social Consequences of Switching to English</h2>
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<p>I commented here a few months ago on the status of English as
a planetwide communication medium and some aspects of the “undeserved
good luck” that got it that unlikely status. “The race for global
language has been run,” I said, “and like it or not, we have a winner” (<a href="http://chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2015/12/03/english-and-its-undeserved-good-luck/">see this Lingua Franca post</a>).
English continues to expand its reach, and spreads at an increasing
rate; many have noted, for example, that the European Union is moving in
the direction of conducting most of its business in English. But even I
was surprised by a recent article in the Singapore <em>Straits Times</em> telling the story of what happened when an entire Japanese company went English-only, cold turkey.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/japans-new-business-language-english">The article</a>, which is worth reading in full, is by Hiroshi (Mickey) Mikitani, the chief executive of <a href="http://global.rakuten.com/en/">Rakuten</a>, which runs Japan’s largest e-commerce website and a slew of other such services.</p>
<p>Mikitani was ruthless: He simply announced that the whole company was
switching its operational language. No negotiation. Japanese out,
English in. Don’t speak English? Tough. Deal with it. Take night
classes.</p>
<p>Soon after the switch he conducted a board meeting entirely in
English, and each time a nervous executive in a navy-blue suit asked
cautiously if he might explain something in Japanese, the answer was no:
Say it in English, or don’t say it. The board meeting took twice as
long as a normal one.</p>
<p>That was five years ago. Today, Mikitani says, the culture and even
the dress code are showing all the signs of having been altered by the
imposition of the English language. It makes the Whorfian idea, that
your native language determines how the world looks to you and thus
constrains your thinking, look tame. Mikitani postulates that the
language you adopt will change your whole relationship to the world,
from your clothing to your interactions with your superiors in the
workplace.</p>
<p>English “has few power markers,” he points out. “Its use can
therefore help to break down the hierarchical, bureaucratic barriers
that are entrenched in Japanese society and reflected in Japanese
conversation, which could boost efficiency.” What he’s alluding to is
that English does not have a system of grammatically obligatory
honorific levels the way Japanese does. Think of something rather like
the French <em>tu</em> / <em>vous</em> distinction, but several times more complex, and spread from the pronoun system into the verbal inflection system.</p>
<p>Roughly (and I admit that I’m being very rough here), you can’t just
say something in Japanese, you have to make a forced choice in verb form
between saying it in a direct and plain way (which might seem rude), or
saying it in a polite way (as TV announcers always do), or in a
decidedly respectful way (usually not used when talking about yourself),
or in a humble way (which of course you always use when talking about
yourself).</p>
<p>Compounding the problem of how to phrase things, there are also
certain linguistic choices that will indicate your indifference to
whatever it is you’re speaking about, or your awe and respect for it, or
your contempt for it.</p>
<p>The language prescribes the space within which Japanese people
conduct their linguistic business and manage their social relationships,
and sets up a social minefield. If you were to say <em>arimasu</em>, or (heaven forfend) even <em>aru</em>, in a context where the standing of the addressee called for <em>gozaimasu</em>,
then you are cruising for a bruising. Or at least a dose of shocked
silence and possible subtle retribution later. A few ill-chosen verb
endings and you could ultimately be walked to the building exit on the
arm of a security man, carrying your desk-drawer contents in a cardboard
box.</p>
<p>At Rakuten the complicated management of respect levels fell away
after the switch to English, says Mikitani, and good riddance to it. He
had wanted to “break down the hierarchical, bureaucratic barriers that
are entrenched in Japanese society,” and he claims the anglophone policy
jump-started that. “A new casual vibe permeates our office, with
employees happily shunning the monotonous navy suit typical of the
Japanese workplace,” he says; he speaks of the language policy
“breathing new life into a moribund business culture.”</p>
<p>These very strong claims do surprise me. I would have expected that
an all-English-all-the-time policy might improve a company’s ability to
collaborate with other anglophone organizations, and perhaps save a bit
of money on interpreters, but not that it would revolutionize the whole
internal corporate culture. That would have surprised even <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf">Benjamin Lee Whorf</a>. By Mikitani’s account, English must be powerful magic.</p><p><a href="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/15461508c8936cc5?compose=1546285b4d400fcb">https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/15461508c8936cc5?compose=1546285b4d400fcb</a><br></p></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
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