<div dir="ltr"><h1 class=""><a href="http://www.democraticaudit.com/?p=24172" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to A ‘one-language’ EU policy would foster elitism and hit disproportionately the least advantaged">A ‘one-language’ EU policy would foster elitism and hit disproportionately the least advantaged</a></h1>
<p><em>In an increasingly anglo-centric
world, is multilingualism still needed in the European Union? The answer
is a resounding yes, according to a study by <strong>Michele Gazzola</strong>.
Analysing Eurostat data, he finds that making English the only official
language of the EU would exclude approximately four out of five EU
citizens from having a deep understanding of official information. This
would in turn foster inequality in the access to EU tenders, and likely
end up further fuelling Euroscepticism. As he argues, the 0.0087% of the
EU’s GDP invested in multilingualism is a price well worth paying to
ensure linguistic inclusion.</em></p>
<div id="attachment_24173" style="width:610px" class=""><img class="" src="http://www.democraticaudit.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/interpreters-EP.jpg" alt="Being an interpreter at the European Parliament. Credits: Pietro Naj Oleari / European Parliament (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)" height="380" width="600"><p class="">Being an interpreter at the European Parliament. Credits: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/european_parliament/3389786116">Pietro Naj Oleari</a> / European Parliament (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)</p></div>
<p>During a speech addressed to the European Parliament the 26<sup>th</sup> October 2004, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands said:</p>
<blockquote><p>If we had to name something that is most intimately our
own, we would probably say our mother tongue. Every member state
accordingly attaches great importance to the recognition of its language
in the European Union. For that reason, I am addressing you today in
Dutch. At the same time, I am convinced that cooperation in Europe will
increasingly demand concessions of us in this field. Unless we want to
turn the EU into a Tower of Babel, we shall have to make every effort to
understand each other as clearly as possible.</p></blockquote>
<p>In recent years, a number of observers have argued that the EU should
finally acknowledge the role of English as Europe’s lingua franca –
take the bull by the horns, and make English the only official language
of the EU. Less radical commentators have argued in favour of a
trilingual policy based on English, French and German.</p>
<p>This proposal is, however, not without controversies. Replacing the
24 official languages of the EU with only English or with three
languages (English, French and German) would not only disadvantage the
citizens of some European countries more than others; it would also
adversely affect economically and socially disadvantaged individuals,
thereby increasing the distance between EU institutions and its
citizens.</p>
<p>The results of a <a href="http://eup.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/07/28/1465116516657672.abstract">recently published study</a>
reject the idea that reducing the number of the official languages of
the EU would be more effective and inclusive. Using data collected by
Eurostat on almost 170,000 residents and their language skills in 25 EU
countries, the article shows that if English were the only official
language of the Union, 45% of residents in the countries examined would
have no access to legal documents, Internet webpages of EU institutions,
and to the debates carried out at the European Parliament and
broadcasted though the Internet, because they do not understand this
language. In other words, they would be linguistically excluded, and
this can be viewed as a form of political disenfranchisement.</p>
<p>It would be risky, nevertheless, to put on the same level native
speakers of a language and people who have just fair or intermediate
skills in such a language. When looking at EU residents who are neither
native speakers nor proficient in English, the proportion of residents
who would have difficulties in understanding political and legal EU
documents increases to 79%. Four Europeans out of five. Thus, contrary
to what is commonly believed, proficiency in English is not a basic
skill in Europe, not even among the younger adults.</p>
<p>Only 30% of respondents aged 25-34 have no knowledge of English,
which is lower than the average (45%), but 74% of respondents in that
age class do not speak English at a proficient or native level. This
value is quite close to the average for the whole population (79%). In
other words, the young are more likely to speak foreign languages than
the older generation, but they do not master them much better. This
result is consistent with the recent results of the <a href="http://www.surveylang.org/">European Survey on Language Competences</a>
of pupils. A language policy based on English, French and German would
be highly exclusionary too, because it would disenfranchise 26% to 49%
of residents, depending on the indicator used, and these percentages are
going to increase considerably after the withdrawal of the UK from the
EU.</p>
<p>This is not the end of the story, though. Multilingualism is not only
the most effective policy to convey information about the EU to
Europeans. It is also the only one that is truly inclusive at a
relatively reasonable cost (0.0087% of the EU’s GDP, 1% of the budget of
the EU bodies). A drastic reduction of the official languages of the EU
would have regressive effects, because it would make the access to
information published by the EU particularly difficult for the least
educated people, those with the lowest income status, the unemployed,
the retired, the permanently disabled and residents fulfilling domestic
tasks.</p>
<p>For example, 17% of respondents who have successfully completed a
tertiary level of education have no knowledge of English, whereas this
percentage is 47% among those who have achieved only an upper secondary
level of education. 21% of respondents holding a job have no knowledge
of English, French or German, either as a foreign or native language,
but this percentage is 41% among the unemployed. Residents with a
relatively higher income are more likely to speak foreign languages than
those who have a relatively lower higher income, and therefore they are
less likely to be linguistically excluded if the EU stops using their
mother tongue or primary language of education.</p>
<p>It is not just a blanket reduction in the number of languages that
would be exclusionary. Even reducing the current domains of use of the
official language entails similar effects. In 2014, for example, 14
Directorates-General (DG) of the European Commission out of 33 published
their home pages only in English, eight DGs published them in English,
French and German, one DG in 11 languages, and 10 DGs in 24 or 23
official languages. These webpages often contain material that has
strategic importance for economic actors such as small and medium
enterprises, associations and NGOs that compete for calls for tenders,
funding programmes or procurement procedures. As a result, competition
among actors may turn out to be biased because of lack of adequate
multilingual information.</p>
<p>Translation and interpretation are far better ways to build social
cohesion in the EU by allowing them to take part in all societal
processes. By contrast, a nineteenth century-style ‘one state, one
language’ language policy would exclude too many Europeans from EU
business, and would be disproportionate against the people who are the
least advantaged. Perhaps it has never been as urgent as now for the EU
to be close to its citizens by using their native languages, and to
prevent further fuelling Eurosceptic movements. Avoiding the elitist
temptation is therefore of crucial importance, including in the field of
language policy.</p>
<p>—</p>
<p><em>The findings discussed in this blog post are based on a recently published </em><a href="http://eup.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/07/28/1465116516657672.abstract"><em>article</em></a><em>
in European Union Politics. The post represents the views of the author
and not the position of the Democratic Audit blog, or of the LSE.</em></p>
<p>—</p>
<p><strong>Michele Gazzola</strong> is post-doc research fellow at
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany, research fellow at
the Institute for ethnic studies (“Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja”)
in Ljubljana, Slovenia, and teacher at the Università della Svizzera
italiana, Lugano. He is currently working on a research project on
language policy, mobility and inclusion the European Union (project “<a href="http://www.mime-project.org/">MIME</a>“).</p><p><a href="http://www.democraticaudit.com/?p=24172">http://www.democraticaudit.com/?p=24172</a><br></p><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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