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<span class="gmail-art-PostHeader"><a href="http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2016/10/14/talking-policy-yonatan-mendel-israeli-identity" title="Talking Policy: Yonatan Mendel on Israeli Identity">Talking Policy: Yonatan Mendel on Israeli Identity </a></span>
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October 14, 2016 - 12:00pm | admin </div>
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<p>To fully understand Israeli identity, the relationship between
Israeli and Arab-Palestinian cultures during the creation of the Israeli
state must be taken into account. Yonatan Mendel’s new book<em>, <a href="https://www.routledge.com/From-the-Arab-Other-to-the-Israeli-Self-Palestinian-Culture-in-the-Making/Mendel-Ranta/p/book/9781472449351" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">From the Arab Other to the Israeli Self: Palestinian Culture in the Making of Israeli National Identity</a></em><a href="https://www.routledge.com/From-the-Arab-Other-to-the-Israeli-Self-Palestinian-Culture-in-the-Making/Mendel-Ranta/p/book/9781472449351" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">,</a> co-authored
with Ronald Ranta of Kingston University, examines the dynamics between
these two cultures and what it means to be a “local” in your own home. <em>World Policy Journal</em>
spoke with Mendel to discuss the prominent effect of the Arab “other”
on modern day Israeli identity, the role of cultural identity in foreign
policy, and how the desire to belong in one’s own nation can mold
cultural perceptions and practices.</p>
<p><strong>WORLD POLICY JOURNAL</strong>: Your book <em>From the Arab Other to the Israeli Self</em>
dissects the notion of “Israeliness” by creating an overarching
inter-cultural analysis of Israeli cultural productions and their Arab
origins. Why has the framework of cultural adoption through erasure been
the central element in the creation of what you describe as an illusion
of Israeli identity?</p>
<p><strong>YONATAN MENDEL</strong>: We both identify two important
patterns in the book. One is that what many Jewish Europeans, who came
to the country at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th
century, wanted the most was to become local—meaning to be not
diasporic, and the people who were most local in the country were the
Arab Palestinian people. The second part, which will answer your
question, was we found that not only the creation of Israeli food and
culture but the creation of a new language, the Israeli language. There
was an admiration or romanticization, in which they looked down upon the
local Palestinians but they also wanted to be local themselves—this is
why they adapted to and imitated them. There was a feeling of, “If they
are local then who are we? Are we foreigners?”</p>
<p>The Arab people had an ancient culture to preserve, but this ancient
culture is actually Israelis’, too. The Arabic language is actually our
people's language. The Arabic food is actually our biblical food. You
cannot have a nation-state culture while acknowledging that it is made
from your enemy's culture, which created part of divide.</p>
<p>We identify with food culture, folklore culture, music, language, and
other things. We think that these things that make our world original,
refreshing, or, some would say, unique, some would consider to do the
opposite. Other Israeliness, meaning other Arab Palestinian culture, was
real and that is not part of the Israeli self.</p>
<p><strong>WPJ</strong>: You've done much of your research in the
movement and status of language and culture in Jewish Arab society. Can
you talk about the role that cultural identity plays in the construction
of a nation's foreign policy?</p>
<p><strong>YM</strong>: We are looking mostly at the way that Israel
imagines itself. My research generally deals with the Arabic language,
which is what I contributed to the book. I try to evaluate how we see
language today. Jewish Israeli students usually say say that Arabic is
the most difficult language for them to study—more so than English and
French. Both Hebrew and Arabic are mixed languages. Their evolution
reflects the Jewish Israeli feeling that they are not very much part of
the Arab world or culture. We tried to show this in the book.</p>
<p>One example of how language is reflects power relations is the fact
that Israelis imagine Arabic to be so different. We can learn about the
way Israelis see themselves, Israeliness, and the Arab world. We can
also see how language shapes our perceptions—we could study, for
example, Arabic, a language that is very similar to Hebrew, and
understand the people by understanding Arabic. At the end of the 19th
century and beginning of the 20th century, Arabic words were adapted in
order to recreate and revive the Hebrew language. What we know and what
we don't know, what we remember and what we want to forget, the
similarities that we put at the forefront or the similarities that we
hide—the book explains a lot of this.</p>
<p>We look first at what we know, second at what we don't want to know,
and third at the vacuum of language that make us a nation. Viewing the
Arabic language as an “other” doesn't allow us to see that part of our
identity as part of our self, and prevents people from being exposed to
the works written in Arabic that reflect Jewish Israeli identity.</p>
<p><strong>WPJ</strong>: You introduce the idea of Israeli Orientalism
in what ways have you seen the U.S. reject or buy into this idea when
dealing with Israel?</p>
<p><strong>YM</strong>: When we write about Israeli orientalism, first
we have to connect it to the general idea of orientalism. The general
idea of orientalism goes back to the work of Edward Said and the body of
language that not only shaped the East but also shaped the West, which
means that by creating binary differentiations between the East and the
West, it’s also an imagination of the East and a shaping of the West.
Israel is quite an interesting case, and we can learn quite a lot from
it, because Israel at the end of the day was created by both people of
Ashkenazi descent mainly from the West and of Sephardic descent mainly
from the East. But the idea of the Zionist culture, and the whole idea
of the creation of the Jewish state in Palestine, were at the of the day
European ideas. A lot of the ideas of those people who created the
state were influenced by orientalist thinking. They looked at the other,
the Orient, and they romanticized it and they exoticized it. They had
to characterize these groups as something that would be similar to
themselves because they wanted to become local, but they also had to be
very, very different because they didn't want o be Arab. I think that
this can tell us quite a lot.</p>
<p><strong>WPJ</strong>: Your book goes beyond most literature on this
topic in terms of how you expand your study of the formation of Israeli
culture past the initial immigration waves. How has this cultural
formation evolved during the digital age?</p>
<p><strong>YM</strong>: Generally, regarding the movement of Israeli
culture, that this idea of the process or the problems that we identify
in the book—imitation, participation, adaptation, displacement, and
identity—is not a linear one. A good example would be the keffiyeh, the
famous Arab dress worn by men, which was considered in the 1930s and
1940s to be a local sign. You could see Zionist Jews put the keffiyeh on
their heads, including leaders like former Prime Minister Shimon Peres,
who just passed away. It was considered something that was very, very
local. Then you jump—or leapfrog—to 2016, and you see one member of the
Knesset criticizing an Arab member of the Knesset for having the
keffiyeh, and she considered it to be an act of provocation. Which means
that some of the symbols that were Arab and were adapted by Jews, and
were considered signs of localness by them, today have ceased to be
signs of localness at all. In other examples, such as the way some of
the words in Arabic were adopted by Hebrew, there is a complete denial.
In others, you sometimes see a better type of relationship. </p>
It is not a straight line; sometimes, Arab culture is the opposite of
Israeli culture, and sometimes there will be complete denial, and they
will say there is no connection whatsoever between the Israeli and the
Arab. In some areas, there is an acknowledgement that there are Arab
ingredients in what we consider to be Israeli. If we highlight the
connection and if we are not willing to turn a blind eye to the creation
of Israeli culture, which is very much based on Eastern culture between
Arab and Jews, one would argue that it could be some kind of
breakthrough, in which the Jews would not see the Arabs as the ultimate
other but as part of the self. Maybe this can be the one way create
something that would unite us.<br><br clear="all"><a href="http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2016/10/14/talking-policy-yonatan-mendel-israeli-identity">http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2016/10/14/talking-policy-yonatan-mendel-israeli-identity</a><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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