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<h1 class="entry-title">Sri Lanka: Towards A Language Revolution for Reconciliation and Development</h1>
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<h3><span style="color:rgb(0,128,128)"><strong>The language revolution should
encompass the general public, particularly the rural youth. It should
not create a divide between any ‘English elite’ and the masses. There
can be websites to promote the language awakening and the revolution.</strong></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<p><strong>by Laksiri Fernando</strong></p>
<p>“<em>A ‘revolution’ is any combination of events which produces a
radical shift in consciousness or behaviour over a relatively short
period of time</em>.” – David Crystal</p>
<p><strong>( February 5, 2017, Sydney, Sri Lanka Guardian)</strong> The
matters of ethnic reconciliation and economic development in Sri Lanka
are closely intertwined. It is largely accepted today that erroneous
language policies in the past have had a considerable negative impact on
both ethnic reconciliation and economic development in the country.
Although one of the key causes for the dual predicament is therefore
identified, the country is far from implementing a correct policy in
respect of language. Let me give a very simple example.</p>
<p>The 1978 Constitution made Tamil a national language, along with
Sinhala, while keeping Sinhala as the ‘only’ official language. This was
changed in the 13<sup>th</sup> Amendment in 1987 in a positive
direction, but what was stated was “Tamil shall also be an official
language.” This is like saying, this is my wife and this is also my
wife! It was a clear insult with hesitation to accord equal status. This
hesitation particularly came in the implementation of the official
language policy amply analysed by A. Theva Rajan (‘<em>Tamil as Official Language</em>,’ 1995) and Ketheswaran Loganathan (‘<em>Sri Lanka: Lost Opportunities,’</em>1996) among others.</p>
<p><strong>Colvin’s Diagnosis </strong></p>
<p>A diagnosis of the problem (<em>Samudaya</em>) came from Colvin R. de Silva six decades ago in 1956 as follows, also with a prognosis.</p>
<p>“<em>Do you want two languages and one nation, or one language two
nations? Parity, Mr. Speaker, we believe is the road to the freedom of
our nation and the unity of its components. Otherwise two torn little
bleeding states may arise of one little state, which has compelled a
large section of itself to treason, ready for the imperialists to mop up
that which imperialism only recently disgorged</em>”. (Hansard, Vol 24, Col 1917, 1956)</p>
<p>What he meant by ‘parity’ is basically making both Sinhala and Tamil
official languages in 1956. This came from his/their socialist thinking
or Sama Samaja (equal society) principles. But the unfortunate fact was
that he himself abandoned this principle when it came to the drafting of
the 1972 Constitution. Therefore, it was not only SWRD Bandaranaike’s
‘one language’ policy that later made ‘two bleeding nations,’ but also
Colvin’s own constitution in 1972. As Loganathan has correctly
commented, it was a terrible lost opportunity.</p>
<p>This is a dreadful predicament of many politicians and intellectuals.
They say one thing, and do quite the opposite later or at the same
time. It is not just a revision or improvement of their views, but
opportunistic political summersaults altogether. Look at what GL Peiris
say and do today. He was the main architect of the August 2000 new
constitutional draft. Now he is talking against a new constitution. He
was also the main peace negotiator and one of the key drafters of the
Norwegian brokered Ceasefire Agreement (CFA) with the LTTE in 2001,
which virtually separated the country. Now he is talking against any
concession to the Tamils on the pretext that it would divide the
country.</p>
<p>When Colvin talked about parity of status, he also correctly spoke
about “unity of its components.” What he meant was ‘our nation,’ to mean
the Sri Lankan political or the civic nation, comprising of different
cultural nations or communities (Sinhalese, Tamils and Muslims) that
should be united by recognizing their ‘cultural and language rights.’
This is multiculturalism and in accordance with the most enlightened
views of human rights today. However, it is doubtful whether the Lanka
Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) or its leaders like Tissa Vitarana subscribes
to these views any longer by aligning with the Joint Opposition (JO) led
by Mahinda Rajapaksa.</p>
<p><strong>The 13<sup>th</sup> Amendment </strong></p>
<p>It is not correct to consider that the 13<sup>th</sup> Amendment was
or is a panacea. That is one reason why we need a new constitution. I am
only focusing on the language policy in this article. The 13A declared,
“English language shall be the link language.” But what does it mean?
Does it mean the link between the two languages? Or the link between the
two language speakers, the Sinhalese on the one hand and the Tamils and
Muslims on the other? The second proposition is more plausible, and a
good one, if opportunities and facilities are made available throughout
the country. It also can be a link to the external world at large.</p>
<p>English has its own merits as an international language. It was the
official language before 1956, and the major lapse was its
discriminatory character against the Sinhala and the Tamil speakers.
This had to be changed, but not by completely dethroning its use in
education or administration. The major blunder in 1956, as highlighted
by Colvin was to make Sinhala the only official language, discriminating
against Tamil speakers. The whole incident also revealed a major defect
in Sri Lankan politics in general. When a defect wanted to be
rectified, the tendency is to go to the other extreme even negating what
is positive in a given situation.</p>
<p>I didn’t borrow my proposition ‘language revolution’ from any other.
However, after using it for some time, I have found the book by David
Crystal titled ‘<em>The Language Revolution’</em> (Polity Press, 2004).
This book discusses three major trends in the international scene
together: (1) the emergence of English as an international lingua franca
(2) the crisis facing number of languages currently endangered and (3)
the radical change and possibilities of promoting languages under
internet technology. All the propositions are relevant to Sri Lanka in
creating a language revolution for reconciliation and economic/social
development.</p>
<p>Before the 13<sup>th</sup> Amendment, while Sinhala remained the
official language, Tamil was declared a national language along with
Sinhala. That was a progress from the 1972 Constitution which allowed
only some special provisions. Recognition of Sinhala and Tamil as
national languages still remains and should continue to be so with
provisions to ‘preserve and promote the two languages and their
literature.’ That could be the meaning of ‘national languages’ without
allowing them to be submerged or neglected. The national languages
primarily mean, the languages indigenous and ‘sacred’ to the people.</p>
<p>However, that recognition should not preclude making English (also) an official language along with Sinhala and Tamil.</p>
<p><strong>A Pragmatic Approach to English</strong></p>
<p>The approach to English should be completely pragmatic. It should not
be considered as a superior language which was an attitude developed
during the colonial and post-colonial times. We are now not
‘post-colonial,’ but independent. That should be the attitude and
determination whatever the hangovers remaining in some people’s crooked
minds. English as a link language does not make much sense except for
those who are already conversant with that language. But by making
English (also) as an official language, its progress could be rapid even
as a ‘link language.’</p>
<p>English is already the business language particularly in urban Sri
Lanka. Promoting it throughout the country could make the links between
the leading businesses and the emerging businesses in rural/provincial
towns. It should be promoted not as a must, or a burden, but as a
vehicle of pragmatic progress. There won’t be much resistance from the
people, except perhaps from some politicians.</p>
<p>English particularly important in university education. There can be
better Sinhala and Tamil language promotion for those who study
languages, literature and culture, if the other studies could be
conducted purely in English. This is already the case in natural
sciences, particularly in medicine and engineering. For lawyers or law
students, all three languages are important. A major drawback for arts
or social science students in employment and social progress is their
insufficient English language proficiency. This cannot be changed unless
all teaching moves to English medium in all universities.</p>
<p>My university experience since 1964 (first as a student) tells me
that social science students had inhibitions on English medium studies
earlier on, influenced largely by narrow nationalism or prevailing
circumstances. However, this has changed considerably. New generations
are quite willing to learn English and ‘learn in English,’ but major
obstacles come from the lack of teachers to teach in English. This has
been going on continuously as a vicious cycle, as new teachers are
usually recruited from Sinhala or Tamil medium streams.</p>
<p><strong>Trilingualism </strong></p>
<p>A language revolution should entail complete move to English as the
sole language in university education, except in language studies of
Sinhala or Tamil, and the recognition of English also as an official
language in public administration. The second move also means that any
citizen or resident could communicate with any government institution in
English, other than Sinhala or Tamil. Its primary meaning however is
the necessary competence of all administrative officers in English,
other than Sinhala and/or Tamil. This is trilingualism.</p>
<p>There are two ongoing dynamics in the current economic development
scenario. Firs is the anticipated partnership between the public sector
and the private sector (PPP). If the partnership is going to be
fruitful, the public officers need to have sufficient competence in
English. Second is the projected foreign investments and partnership in
some important economic sectors in the country. The anticipated foreign
participation could of course come from different countries. However,
the common language would mostly be English. If our public officers are
not adequately competent in English, bargaining and working together
could be difficult and at the disadvantage to Sri Lanka.</p>
<p>There can be valid concerns that the move towards English as ‘the
language of university education’ and ‘a language of public
administration’ would disadvantage the indigenous languages of Sinhala
and Tamil. This should not be the case. It is an accepted fact that
competence in one language could easily be extended to other languages.
What should be discouraged is any superiority complex attached to
English use. The language competence and use are mutually reinforcing.
There were times in ancient Sri Lanka that the language policy being not
just trilingual, but hexalingual (<em>shad basha</em>).</p>
<p>UNESCO since 1980s has promoted a policy of trilingualism to include
(1) the mother-tongue (2) the ‘neighbours-tongue’ and (3) an
international language. This is a minimum policy of promoting increased
human interaction for knowledge, education, peace, social harmony and
sustainable development, within a multilingual and a multicultural
framework. In the Sri Lankan context, the ‘neighbours-tongue’ means
Tamil to the Sinhalese and Sinhala to the Tamils. The best international
language for Sri Lanka obviously is English. However, a language
revolution could entail the promotion of competence in many more
international/foreign languages like Hindi, Chinese, Arabic, French and
Russian.</p>
<p><strong>Digital Means </strong></p>
<p>For a language revolution, there are great technological advantages
at the present juncture. In addition to ‘paper and printing’ or ‘radio
and TV,’ the digital means of internet, social media and electronic
devices could be utilized creatively. A language revolution should begin
at pre-school and at home. It could be fun for children. By the age of
five, children could acquire a considerable amount of vocabulary, not
limiting to one language. Without any reservation, children should be
given a firm grounding in their mother-tongue and the neighbours-tongue,
Sinhala and Tamil. Language/s and Maths (simply said, ‘letters and
numbers’) are the basics in any knowledge upliftment. There is an
excellent SBS TV program in Australia titled ‘Letters and Numbers’ which
could easily be adopted. There was one Naween Fernando who won a title
in one of the competitions.</p>
<p>There should be language labs in every school equipped with digital
means as much as possible. This does not mean the neglect of other
subjects, natural or social, and particularly history. But history or
religion should be taught in a non-antagonistic manner. If language
revolution begins in schools, it would be easy for universities. In the
meantime, it could begin at universities with advanced language labs and
competent teachers to teach, until the schools fall in line and even
thereafter.</p>
<p>The language revolution should encompass the general public,
particularly the rural youth. It should not create a divide between any
‘English elite’ and the masses. There can be websites to promote the
language awakening and the revolution. The most important would be
comprehensive website/s with sound tracks for people to learn, Sinhala,
Tamil and English. Easy translation software should also be available
crosscutting and linking Sinhala, Tamil and English.</p>
<p>A most important role could be played by teledrama, TV and radio
programs making people to acquire trilingualism through education and
lively experiences. I should also commend on some initiatives already
taken by some teledrama/film directors and producers. What might be
pre-requisite for such a language revolution is the changing or stalling
of the archaic, parochial and conservative mindsets and attitudes of
the politicians and the ‘Brahmins’ in society.</p><p><a href="http://www.slguardian.org/2017/02/sri-lanka-towards-a-language-revolution-for-reconciliation-and-development/">http://www.slguardian.org/2017/02/sri-lanka-towards-a-language-revolution-for-reconciliation-and-development/</a><br></p>
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