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What’s the best way for students to gain English proficiency? </h1>
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<p><span>In view of the demands of a </span><span>knowledge-based society and the labor market, the Hong Kong SAR government has adopted a language policy that seeks to nurture </span><span>“bi-literate and tri-lingual” citizens.</span></p>
<p><span>Immersing students in an English-rich environment </span><span>is considered one of the key functions of educational institutions.</span></p>
<p><span>According to the latest data from the Census and Statistics Department, 89.5 percent of Hong Kong people are Cantonese speakers.</span></p>
<p><span>The language is widely adopted
in homes, schools, banks, courts, hospitals, mass media, government
departments and many other settings.</span></p>
<p><span>Though English is also an official language, using Cantonese alone would be sufficient for survival.</span></p>
<p><span>From the perspective of the
Education Bureau, in order to compensate for the students’ inadequate
use of English in daily life, it must be used regularly and widely in
schools to maximize their exposure to the language.</span></p>
<p><span>That’s the reason why the bureau
forbids teachers from using Cantonese for any reason in subjects where
English has been adopted as the medium of instruction (EMI), whether to </span><span>explain difficult concepts or facilitate academic discussions.</span></p>
<p><span>This policy has been in place since the 1990s, upon the recommendation of the </span><span>Education Commission Reports.</span></p>
<p><span>It is believed that code-mixing –
the mixed use of English and Cantonese in the classroom – would prevent
students from gaining maximum exposure to the English language, and the
infiltration of Cantonese would hinder students from mastering English.</span></p>
<p><span>However, I beg to differ. First
of all, it is uncertain if there is a causal relationship between
code-mixing and the declining proficiency in English.</span></p>
<p>To my knowledge, there has not been any empirical evidence supporting this claim.</p>
<p>In fact, based on my own experience, Hongkongers who have adopted code-mixing are fluent English speakers.</p>
<p>There are many complex reasons to account for the declining English
proficiency among Hong Kong students, and putting the blame on
code-mixing alone is not convincing.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, many academic studies indicate that while learners are
developing a second language, they are likely to experiment; they tend
to use their knowledge of the mother tongue to learn and become
proficient in the target language. <span>This phenomenon is known as language transfer.</span></p>
<p>While studies worldwide suggest that as long as teachers can wisely
and strategically speak in the mother tongue to teach students and help
them achieve learning goals, <span>code-mixing can achieve desirable learning outcomes and encourage active student participation.</span></p>
<p>But since the education bureau’s instruction of “maximum exposure, no
mixing of codes” is a rigid, top-down approach, no ground is left for
improvisation of teaching.</p>
<p><span>Band 1 students who are capable of using English completely in EMI classes will largely remain unaffected by this policy.</span></p>
<p><span>But in the case of band 2 or 3 students, teachers should be allowed to </span><span>exercise their judgment and fine-tune their lessons with the use of appropriate amounts of Cantonese instructions. </span><span>This in turn would allow the students to keep up with the curriculum.</span></p>
<p><span>We believe the bureau should let bilingual teachers apply their professional judgment in teaching. </span></p>
<p><span>As the teachers understand their
students’ needs, they should have to right to switch to the learners’
first language for quick explanation, for example.</span></p>
<p><span>And if students are encouraged
to express themselves in their mother tongue first and then use English,
they will be able to think bilingually and be able to organize and
express their thoughts well.</span></p>
<p><span>In short, a complete English environment of instruction does not guarantee learners’ mastery of the language.</span></p>
<p><em style="font-size:13pt">Leung Wai-mun is the co-author of this article that appeared in the Hong Kong Economic Journal on Jan. 21</em></p><p><a href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20170210-what-s-the-best-way-for-students-to-gain-english-proficiency/">http://www.ejinsight.com/20170210-what-s-the-best-way-for-students-to-gain-english-proficiency/</a><br><em style="font-size:13pt"></em></p><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">**************************************<br>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to its members<br>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or sponsor of the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who disagree with a message are encouraged to post a rebuttal, and to write directly to the original sender of any offensive message. A copy of this may be forwarded to this list as well. (H. Schiffman, Moderator)<br><br>For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to <a href="https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/" target="_blank">https://groups.sas.upenn.edu/mailman/</a><br>listinfo/lgpolicy-list<br>*******************************************</div>
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