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India’s linguistic imperialism: Tamil Nadu resents central imposition of Hindi on them! </h1>
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<span class="gmail-posted-on"><a href="http://kashmirwatch.com/indias-linguistic-imperialism-tamil-nadu-resents-central-imposition-hindi/" title="5:59 am" rel="bookmark"> <time class="entry-date gmail-published" datetime="2017-04-02T05:59:19+00:00">April 2, 2017</time></a></span>
<span class="gmail-byline"><span class="gmail-author gmail-vcard"><a class="gmail-url gmail-fn gmail-n" href="http://kashmirwatch.com/author/drabdulruff/" title="Dr Abdul Ruff">Dr Abdul Ruff</a></span></span>
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<span class="gmail-tag-links"><a href="http://kashmirwatch.com/tag/dravida-munnetra-kazhagam-dmk/" rel="tag">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)</a>, <a href="http://kashmirwatch.com/tag/hindi/" rel="tag">Hindi</a>, <a href="http://kashmirwatch.com/tag/hindutva/" rel="tag">Hindutva</a>, <a href="http://kashmirwatch.com/tag/hindutva-agenda/" rel="tag">Hindutva agenda</a>, <a href="http://kashmirwatch.com/tag/tamil-nadu/" rel="tag">Tamil Nadu</a></span></div>
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<div style="float:right;text-align:right"><div class="gmail-fb-like gmail-fb_iframe_widget" style="width:100px;overflow:hidden"><span style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52px;height:40px"></span></div></div><p>-Dr. Abdul Ruff Colachal<br>
__________________</p>
<p>There is a popular saying in Tamil Nadu which approximately says not
to waste their time on unproductive things like an idling person having
found no employment or work to be busy with, went on to shave a domestic
animal. Similarly, some people feeling boredom kept on digging the
earth and creating deep pits and holes and again filling them with the
mud they have dug out – as non-sensical damage control mechanism. Or,
build constructions and demolish them to reconstruct again.</p>
<p>While earlier, people from the South used to go to North to work and
earn livelihood, today many North Indians come to South to work and earn
money. They try to speak South Indian languages as a mere necessity and
when they return their home that language necessity would become
irrelevant.</p>
<p>Indian federal government at time does exactly that. Now it is eager
to impose Hindi in Tamil Nadu by replacing nameplates in English by
Hindi versions, angering Tamils and DNK taking up the issue seriously.
New Delhi is doing his unproductive work, knowing full well that Tamils
in the South oppose Hindu imposition tooth and nail. Year ago DMK
spearheaded anti-Hindu agitation to earn their seats in state assembly
and parliament and eventually came to power in the state. DMK is a
powerful party even without Hindi issue but the Congress-BJP – strong in
Hindi belt – is trying to force it to take up the issue so that central
government drops its Hindiization of India once for all, for, India has
several national languages with equal importance.</p>
<p>English or Hindi or Tamil, or Russian people learn if and when they
need it. None can force a language on the people directly or by indirect
techniques.</p>
<p>Tamils living in North or elsewhere do learn to perfect Hindi and
other North or other regional Indian languages because they need to use
local languages. But asking Tamils or any other regions to know and
learn Hindi as a compulsory language is ridiculous.</p>
<p>.<br>
<strong>Federal government cannot impose Hindi on Tamils</strong></p>
<p>While the Congress government time and again made strenuous efforts
to impose Hindi on Tamils and Kannadigas. But people objected to the
central dirty designs of linguistic imposition, the Modi regime is
trying impose both Hindi and Sanskrit on Tamils along with Yoga exercise
a part of Hindutva ideology- and not as health exercises.</p>
<p>In December 2014, the political scene in Tamil Nadu saw a churning
with the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, led by Vaiko, walking
out of the National Democratic Alliance.</p>
<p>Among the reasons Vaiko gave for his decision was “a consistent
effort by the Bharatiya Janata Party-led government to impose the
culture of the North on Tamil Nadu.” In particular was the fear that
Tamils would be made to learn Hindi and Sanskrit through official means,
something that met with violent reactions in the 1960s in the State.</p>
<p>When the Centre wanted government departments to use Hindi in social
media, protests erupted immediately in the State. The then Chief
Minister, Jayalalithaa, in a letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi,
said the decision was against the spirit of the Official Languages Act,
1963.<br>
Perhaps, one of the major reasons the Congress was shunted out of power
in the State in 1967 was imposition of Hindi. The State government
brought in paramilitary forces and clamped down on the anti-Hindi
agitators, and the party never again came to power.</p>
<p>Back in 1937, when the Madras Presidency government led by C.
Rajagopalachari insisted on compulsory learning of Hindi in the State,
the Dravidian movement, then in the form of the Justice Party, got a
major campaign agenda. For three years till the policy was revoked in
1940, the agitations were sustained in almost every part of the
Presidency, in the process making its leader, E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar),
the tallest leader of the Dravidian movement.</p>
<p>In 1965, when the 15-year timeframe to make Hindi the only official
language was about to expire, Tamil Nadu again led the agitations. By
this time, with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) gaining ground,
imposition of Hindi was part of the narrative of the Aryan-Dravidian
divide — the northern Aryans attempting to invade the cultural space of
the southern Dravidians. It took an assurance from the then Prime
Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri that English would continue as the second
official language as long as non-Hindi-speaking people wanted it, to
quell the protests.<br>
Political commentators argue that years of agitations against Hindi have
clearly had an impact on the psyche of the people of Tamil Nadu. A
common view is that while the people of the other southern States learn
Hindi along with their native language, those of Tamil Nadu are
fanatical about their language choice, which is a consequence of the
larger political narrative. However, while Tamil Nadu political parties
have consistently opposed the “imposition” of Hindi, the State’s policy,
all through the decades, has been to make learning of Tamil
“compulsory” in schools.</p>
<p>In 2006, the DMK government passed the Tamil Nadu Tamil Learning Act,
through which school students had to compulsorily learn the language
from Class I. The year 2015-16 will be crucial as the first batch which
began learning the language in 2006 will face the Class X public
examinations, making it a test of efficiency of the policy. But some
academics feel that with over two decades of globalization and the
advancement in learning technology, the animosity against Hindi had
mellowed on the ground. So much so that social scientists like C.
Lakshmanan of the Madras Institute of Development Studies feel there is a
growing interest among the people to learn multiple languages in India
in all states but governments everywhere create obstacles to that. In
Hindi speaking states, only Hindi alone is taught and promoted – not
even English. They are totally narrow-minded and anti-nationals.</p>
<p>Such parochial sentiments on the part of the governments in the country are bad.</p>
<p><strong>Hindi chauvinism and parochialism</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong>Indian government is bent upon making the Hindi
compulsory language thought the nation so that Hindi politicians can
claim upper hand in Parliament and they could impose one language
formula in the parliament as well as in all state assemblies.</p>
<p>No state in India promotes other languages as central government is
interested only in Hindi promotion all over India. While he is opposed
to the idea of “imposing” a language, Lakshmanan says the Tamil Nadu’s
government’s policies have made it difficult for people to get access to
other languages. So even if someone is willing to learn other languages
and foreign languages, the system discourages them.</p>
<p>He says that while the political rhetoric on Tamil has been strong,
many had preferred English to Tamil in education, thus helping them join
the mainstream without the need for Hindi. This was sometimes to the
detriment of Tamil. “Hindi, spoken widely in the country, is a means to
power, and even politicians let their children learn Hindi. In that
sense, the BJP will gain if it facilitates learning of the language
without imposing it.</p>
<p>Writer A. Marx says politically, the Tamil language issue has ceased
to be an electoral issue, though it continues to be an emotive issue. In
1965, the DMK was the only face of the anti-Hindi agitations, giving it
the full benefit of the anti-Congress mood. In 2014, all Tamil parties
have a common policy on the language issue, giving no one a clear
advantage. Marx says the anti-Hindi mood is actually more vigorous in
the North than in the South at the moment. “It is people speaking
non-Hindi languages in the North who have come down heavily on the BJP
this time,” he says.<br>
While the Dravidian parties opposed Hindi, he says, they had a logical
language policy nevertheless with the constant emphasis on learning
English, ensuring that Tamils were not left behind in the development
story.</p>
<p>Tamil Nadu chief minister J. Jayalalithaa challenged a Union home
ministry circular seeking to make Hindi the primary language in
universities in the southern state, saying the circular is not “legal”.
“At a time when I have been emphasizing to the central government that
Tamil should be made an official language, and to use Tamil in the
Madras high court, they are trying to impose to teach law and commerce
in Hindi in Tamil Nadu universities, which is neither right nor legal,”
said the chief minister in a press statement published in Tamil.</p>
<p><strong>Hindi –Hindutva nexus</strong></p>
<p>BJP and Congress parties make Hindi a part of their Hindutva agenda.</p>
<p>The University Grants Commission (UGC) sent a circular to Anna
University and Aliquippa University on Tuesday saying Hindi should be
their main language.</p>
<p>“The decision taken by the Central Hindi Committee in July 2011 would
not bind the universities of Tamil Nadu. Chief Secretary Mohan Varghese
Chunkath has been directed to advise the government-run universities to
inform the UGC in this regard,” Jayalalithaa said.</p>
<p>Earlier, two local constituents of the National Democratic Alliance
(NDA) that rules at the Centre—Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK)—had protested against the
circular. They called it an attempt by the central government to impose
Hindi and sought its immediate withdrawal.</p>
<p>The Official Languages Act, 1963, states that English shall be used
for purposes of communication in states that have not adopted Hindi as
their official language.</p>
<p>According to the Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the
Union) Rules, 1976, Tamil Nadu and a few other states fall in what has
been categorized as “Region C”. Communication from the central
government to non-central government offices or persons in these states
shall be in English, according to the rules. The states of Gujarat,
Maharashtra and Punjab, and the Union territories of Chandigarh, Daman
and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli come under “Region B”, and any
communication from the central government office to them shall be in
Hindi. If any communication is issued to any of them in English, it
shall be accompanied by a Hindi translation. “Therefore, the UGC
circular sent to Tamil Nadu universities will not be applicable,”
Jayalalithaa said.</p>
<p>Ramadoss, founder of PMK, said just because many universities,
including those in Tamil Nadu, received UGC grants, they cannot be used
as “tools of Hindi imposition”. He said it was not clear if the Centre
had consulted the states on this issue and urged the Centre to “drop”
its efforts to “impose Hindi”.</p>
<p>MDMK leader Vaiko alleged that besides the advisory to the
universities, central departments including the railways and insurance
companies have been asked to promote Hindi. “The Centre’s decision to
impose Hindi… will have its own repercussions,” he said while demanding
the withdrawal of the latest order.</p>
<p>Hindi is a sensitive issue in Tamil Nadu, with the Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam (DMK) party under its founder C.N. Annadurai successfully
having led a major anti-Hindi agitation in 1965.</p>
<p>Tamil Nadu government said it won’t impose Sanskrit and Hindi on students.</p>
<p>The Tamil Nadu government would not impose Sanskrit and Hindi on
students studying in the state, said higher education minister K P
Anbalagan in the assembly on Tuesday. Anbalagan was replying to DMK
legislator and former school education minister Thangam Thennarasu who
wanted to know what steps the state government had taken to prevent the
new education policy of the Centre. “The Centre has not released the
entire policy but only a part of the draft policy has been uploaded for
suggestions. The draft says that Sanskrit and Hindi will be compulsory
for students, and what is the state government’s position on this,”
Thennarasu wanted to know. He said according to the new policy all
students would be promoted only up to Class 4, instead of the present
system of promoting them till they reach Class 8. This would affect
students in rural areas, he said and wanted the government to pass a
resolution in the assembly against the policy. Leader of the Opposition M
K Stalin also wanted the government to pass a resolution in the
assembly.</p>
<p>In his reply, the minister said, “The Centre has now asked Tamil Nadu
government’s suggestions on the new policy. Only after seeking
suggestions from the people in the state we will reply to the Centre.
But anyway, Sanskrit and Hindi will not be imposed on Tamil Nadu
students, and the government will not in any way help it impose the new
policy,” he said.</p>
<p>The reply from Tamil Nadu would be based on factors like local
education, culture and state’s powers. The government would ensure that
the new policy would not affect education followed in the state, he
added.</p>
<p>Hindi imposition and anti-Hindi movement</p>
<p><strong>DMK opposes imposition of Hindi on Tamil Nadu </strong></p>
<p>DMK has repeatedly declared that none has the right force Hindi into
the throat of people who are not interested in Hindi. They asked the
Federal government o first make North Indian states to let their people
learn some South Indian languages before expecting the South Indians to
accept Hindi as one of their tongues.</p>
<p>Tamils are not opposed to Hindi but they hate that language being pushed into their throats.</p>
<p>The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) which split from the Dravidar
Kazhagam in 1949 inherited the anti-Hindi policies of its parent
organisation. DMK’s founder Annadurai had earlier participated in the
anti-Hindi imposition agitations during 1938–40 and in the 1940s. In
July 1953, the DMK launched an agitation for changing the name of a town
– Dalmiapuram – to Kallakudi. They claimed that the town’s name (after
Ramkrishna Dalmia) symbolised the exploitation of South India by the
North.</p>
<p>On 15 July 1953, M. Karunanidhi (later Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu)
and other DMK members erased the Hindi name in Dalmiapuram railway
station’s name board and lay down on the tracks. In the altercation with
the Police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives
and several others including Karunanidhi and Kannadhasan were arrested.</p>
<p>In the 1950s DMK continued its anti-Hindi policies along with the
secessionist demand for Dravidistan. On 28 January 1956, Annadurai along
with Periyar and Rajaji signed a resolution passed by the Academy of
Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official
language. On 21 September 1957 the DMK convened an anti-Hindi Conference
to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957
as “anti-Hindi Day”.</p>
<p>On 31 July 1960, another open air anti-Hindi conference was held at
Kodambakkam, Madras. In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist
demand in the wake of the Sino-Indian War and the passage of the
anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the Indian Constitution. But the
anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of Official
Languages Act of 1963. The DMK’s view on Hindi’s qualifications for
official language status were reflected in Annadurai’s response to the
“numerical superiority of Hindi” argument: “If we had to accept the
principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird,
the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow</p>
<p>The Anti-Hindi imposition agitations of Tamil Nadu were a series of
agitations that happened in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (formerly
Madras State and part of Madras Presidency) during both pre- and
post-Independence periods. The agitations involved several mass
protests, riots, student and political movements in Tamil Nadu
concerning the official status of Hindi in the state.</p>
<p>The first anti-Hindi imposition agitation was launched in 1937, in
opposition to the introduction of compulsory teaching of Hindi in the
schools of Madras Presidency by the first Indian National Congress
government led by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji). This move was immediately
opposed by E. V. Ramasamy (Periyar) and the opposition [Justice Party
(India)|Justice Party] (later Dravidar Kazhagam). The agitation, which
lasted three years, was multifaceted and involved fasts, conferences,
marches, picketing and protests. The government responded with a
crackdown resulting in the death of two protesters and the arrest of
1,198 persons including women and children. Mandatory Hindi education
was later withdrawn by the British Governor of Madras Lord Erskine in
February 1940 after the resignation of the Congress Government in 1939.</p>
<p><strong>Agitations</strong></p>
<p>Overdoing anything just because there is no objection could be
dangerous. South Indian languages are in fact far removed from Hindi and
Sanskrit. There is no connection.</p>
<p>Union is joint and wiling operation and Indian Union should not
impose its will on nations. When Hindi is imposed on an unwilling nation
within Indian Union, that is opposed vehemently by the people. Federal
government is expected roll back its plan forthwith if v faced
opposition. Bt Indian government seems to be adamant in pursuing its
illegal goals.</p>
<p>The major opposition party Indian National Congress advised prudence,
expressing fear that such directions may result in a backlash in
non-Hindi states, especially Tamil Nadu and also said that the
“Government would be well-advised to proceed with caution,”. These
protests ensured the continuous official usage of English</p>
<p>The anti-Hindi imposition agitations of 1937–40 and 1940–50 led to a
change of guard in the Madras Presidency. The main opposition party to
the Indian National Congress in the state, the Justice Party, came under
Periyar’s leadership on 29 December 1938. In 1944, the Justice Party
was renamed as Dravidar Kazhagam. The political careers of many later
leaders of the Dravidian Movement, such as C. N. Annadurai and M.
Karunanidhi, started with their participation in these agitations. The
agitations stopped the compulsory teaching of Hindi in the state.</p>
<p>The agitations of the 1960s played a crucial role in the defeat of
the Tamil Nadu Congress party in the 1967 elections and the continuing
dominance of Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu politics. Many political
leaders of the DMK and ADMK, like P. Seenivasan, K. Kalimuthu, Durai
Murugan, Tiruppur. S. Duraiswamy, Sedapatti Muthaiah, K. Raja Mohammad,
M. Natarajan and L. Ganesan, owe their entry and advancement in politics
to their stints as student leaders during the agitations, which also
reshaped the Dravidian Movement and broadened its political base, when
it shifted from its earlier pro-Tamil (and anti-Brahmin) stance to a
more inclusive one, which was both anti-Hindi and pro-English. Finally,
the current two-language education policy followed in Tamil Nadu is also
a direct result of the agitations.</p>
<p><strong>Hindi not the sole official language</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong>Every language in India is an official language not just the Hindi just because Indian government stays in the Hindi belt.<br>
The adoption of an official language for the Indian Republic was a hotly
debated issue during the framing of the Indian Constitution after
India’s independence from the United Kingdom. After an exhaustive and
divisive debate, Hindi was adopted as the official language of India
with English continuing as an associate official language for a period
of fifteen years, after which Hindi would become the sole official
language. The new Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950.
Efforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi the sole official
language after 1965 was not acceptable to many non-Hindi Indian states,
who wanted the continued use of English. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(DMK), a descendant of Dravidar Kazhagam, led the opposition to Hindi.</p>
<p>To allay their fears, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru enacted the
Official Languages Act in 1963 to ensure the continuing use of English
beyond 1965. The text of the Act did not satisfy the DMK and increased
their skepticism that his assurances might not be honored by future
administrations.</p>
<p>As the day (26 January 1965) of switching over to Hindi as sole
official language approached, the anti-Hindi movement gained momentum in
Madras State with increased support from college students. On 25
January, a full-scale riot broke out in the southern city of Madurai,
sparked off by a minor altercation between agitating students and
Congress party members. The riots spread all over Madras State,
continued unabated for the next two months, and were marked by acts of
violence, arson, looting, police firing and lathi charges. The Congress
Government of the Madras State called in paramilitary forces to quell
the agitation; their involvement resulted in the deaths of about seventy
persons (by official estimates) including two policemen. To calm the
situation, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri gave assurances
that English would continue to be used as the official language as long
as the non-Hindi speaking states wanted. The riots subsided after
Shastri’s assurance, as did the student agitation.</p>
<p>The agitations of 1965 led to major political changes in the state.
The DMK won the 1967 assembly election and the Congress Party never
managed to recapture power in the state since then. The Official
Languages Act was eventually amended in 1967 by the Congress Government
headed by Indira Gandhi to guarantee the indefinite use of Hindi and
English as official languages. This effectively ensured the current
“virtual indefinite policy of bilingualism” of the Indian Republic.
There were also two similar (but smaller) agitations in 1968 and 1986
which had varying degrees of success.</p>
<p>In 2014, the Home Ministry ordered that “government employees and
officials of all ministries, departments, corporations or banks, who
have made official accounts on social networking sites should use Hindi,
or both Hindi and English but give priority to Hindi”. This move was
immediately opposed by all the political parties in Tamil Nadu. Terming
the move on use of Hindi as being “against letter and spirit” of the
Official Languages Act the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa
cautioned that this direction may “cause disquiet to the people of Tamil
Nadu who are very proud of and passionate about their linguistic
heritage,” and asked the Prime Minister of India to suitably modify the
instructions to ensure that English was the language of communication on
social media.</p>
<p><strong>Observation</strong></p>
<p>As per federal system, every language in India is national. Tamil is as important as Hindi or any other Indian language.</p>
<p>The Modi government that now feels comfortable with secured majority
in both Houses of Parliament for the first time in its political history
should comprehend the predicament of and apprehensions by the Tamils
and Tamil state over other languages being pushed into curriculum of
schools or colleges in the state.</p>
<p>Of course, RSS and BJP are deadly seeking to impose their will on the
nation just because they have own elections, while people voted for
them in order to avoid the corrupt Congress and in the absence any
credible national opposition.</p>
<p>Central government, which has failed time and again, should stop trying to create problems of the unity of the nation.</p>
<p>While smartness may not be a bad idea, over smartness on the part of
the federal government in imposing its pet hidden agenda would have
devastating consequences for the nation, its real integrity beyond the
official declarations.</p>
<p>End linguistic mischief!</p>
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