<div dir="ltr"><h3 id="gmail-DailyNewsHeadline">Universities' language policies at a crossroads?</h3>
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Christine Botha |
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<div class="gmail-article-date">
23 May 2017
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Christine Botha writes there is merit in Afriforum’s arguments
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<p><b>Universities' language policies at a crossroads? The interpretation of Administrative action</b></p>
<p><i>23 May 2017</i></p>
<p>A crucial finding made in the SCA judgment related to the
reviewability of the University of the Free State’s decision (UFS
decision) to replace its dual-medium language policy with a
single-medium language policy. The SCA held that the UFS’s decision was
not “administrative action” as defined in the <em><i>Promotion of Administrative Justice Act</i></em> of
2000 (PAJA) and therefore only the rationality of the decision could be
reviewed by the Court. The aforesaid finding, given the provisions of
section 29(2) of the Constitution, is the key issue to be decided in
Afriforum’s appeal to the Constitutional Court.</p>
<p>Section 29(2) of the Constitution guarantees everyone the right to
receive education at a public higher education institution, in the
language of their choice - provided same is “reasonably practicable”.
Furthermore, to give effect to this right, the State is obliged to
consider “all reasonable educational alternatives”, while taking into
account factors such as equity, practicability and historical redress.</p>
<p>If the UFS decision to replace the existing dual language policy is
“administrative action”, as was held by the Free State High Court (High
Court), it would allow the Constitutional Court to review the UFS
decision against the framework of the legal requirements of PAJA. The
Constitutional Court would have the power to analyse whether all
relevant considerations were taken into account and the weight attached
to these considerations by the UFS. On the other hand, if the UFS’s
decision is of executive nature, as was held by the SCA Judgment, the
Constitutional Court would only interfere to the extent that the UFS, an
organ of State, did not exercise its power rationally as the decision
must be rationally related to the purpose for which the power was given.</p>
<p>The starting point in this analysis of the SCA judgment should be the
definition of “administrative action” in section 1 of PAJA. Considering
that the UFS is an organ of State and that its Council, together with
the Senate, has the power to adopt a language policy in terms of the <em><i>Higher Education Act</i></em> (Education Act), the approach in <em><i>Greys Marine Hout Bay (Pty) Ltd and Others v Minister of Public Works</i></em> (<em><i>Greys Marine</i></em>) should be adopted. <em><i>Greys Marine</i></em> broke
down “administrative action” to seven requirements, namely: any
decision of an administrative nature; by an organ of State; exercising a
public power or performing a public function; in terms of any
legislation; that adversely affects someone’s right; which has a direct
external legal effect and that does not fall under any of the exclusions
listed in section 1 of PAJA. </p>
<p>The first requirement, namely “a decision of administrative nature”,
is especially difficult to determine in this instance. In line with <em><i>President of the Republic of South Africa and Others v South African Rugby Football Union and Others</i></em> (<em><i>SARFU</i></em>),
the focus should be on the nature of the power. A distinction needs to
be drawn here between policy formulation, associated with a wide
discretionary power, and policy implementation. The general principle is
- the closer the decision lies to policy formulation the less likely it
is to be administrative in nature - which was the general approach in
the SCA judgment.</p>
<p>The SCA however, failed to investigate other ancillary factors used
by the Courts to determine the nature of the power, specifically the
source and constraints on the power. It is, arguably, in line with the
reasoning in <em><i>Permanent Secretary of the Department of Education of the Government of the Eastern Cape Province and Another v Ed-U-College</i></em> (<em><i>Ed-U</i></em>),
that the UFS decision might constitute policy formulation in a narrower
sense, which would make it administrative in nature. In <em><i>Ed-U</i></em>,
the Constitutional Court distinguished between policy formulation in a
broader sense, which would involve more a political decision, such as
policy formulated by the executive outside the legislative framework,
and policy formulated in a narrower sense where a member of the
executive is in fact implementing legislation. The power to formulate
policy in the narrower sense is often sourced from legislation and as
in <em><i>Ed-U</i></em>, ultimately the power is constrained by the Legislature.</p>
<p>The constraints in terms of the Education Act on the Universities’
power to govern, and the fact that the Minister may intervene if the
Council of the University for instance is unable to perform its
functions properly or where there is financial impropriety, can be
strong indicators that Universities are not granted a wide discretionary
power. The Universities’ power to govern arguably relates more to a
narrower discretionary power as they would be in the best position in a
specific factual context to decide. However, this power is still
exercised under the umbrella of the Minister’s power in line with the <em><i>Ed-U</i></em> approach. Following the Constitutional Court’s reasoning in <em><i>Head of Department, Mpumalanga Department of Education and Another v Hoërskool Ermelo and Another</i></em> (<em><i>Ermelo</i></em>),
which confirmed that the Head of the Education Department may intervene
on “reasonable grounds” when a governing body of a public school adopts
a language policy, it is plausible that the Minister in the context of
public higher education institutions would also have the power to
intervene on “reasonable grounds”.</p>
<p>On further analysis of the requirements of “administrative action”,
the SCA judgment came to a further inexplicable conclusion the “the
policy itself does not adversely affect the rights of any person or have
the capacity to do so”. This was in relation to the requirement that
“administrative action” constitutes a decision that “adversely affects
the rights of any person and which has a direct external legal effect”.
This roundabout approach must be read with the fact the SCA approached
the matter on the basis that as the decision to adopt a language policy
was sought to be set aside and not the policy, the legal consequences
will only follow once the policy is implemented.</p>
<p>The SCA judgment loses sight of the fact that the decision to adopt a
new language policy also constitutes a decision to abandon the current
bilingual option as the High Court stated. Therefore, there is merit in
Afriforum’s argument in their leave to appeal to the Constitutional
Court, that the decision to remove Afrikaans - in effect - removes a
language choice for a prospective student at UFS. This has the
“capacity”, in line with <em><i>Greys Marine</i></em>, to affect their section 29(2) constitutional right. Hence the decision should be viewed as an “administrative action”.</p>
<p>Had the SCA Judgment approached the UFS decision as “administrative
action” it could have considered and weighed all factors taken into
account, including a “commitment to transformation” in the decision to
abandon the dual language option. This approach would also have allowed
the SCA to specifically investigate the weight the UFS attached to the
impact on section 29(2) of the Constitution. Considering the importance
of this distinction, it will be crucial for the Constitutional Court to
provide legal certainty.</p>
<p><em>By Christine Botha: Legal Officer, Centre for Constitutional Rights <br></em></p><p><em><a href="http://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/universities-language-policies-at-a-crossroads">http://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/universities-language-policies-at-a-crossroads</a><br></em></p>
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