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We need clarity on language policy or else, India will soon be incomprehensible to itself and the world
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<p>It is famously said that a language is a dialect with an army. If not
an army, the Hindi language is armed with two strengths: the
constitutional mandate to promote it as India’s lingua franca, and the
fact that it is far more widely spoken and understood than any other
language in the country.</p><p>There’s been a linear movement of Hindi
to become India’s national language, not just the official language.
Moreover, the Shiksha Sanskriti Utthan Nyas (SSUN), an RSS-affiliate and
a part of the current dispensation’s brain trust, wants English to be
removed as the medium of instruction. The implications are not hard to
fathom.</p><div class="gmail-also-view-container">
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<span>Also Read</span>
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<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/should-hindi-be-the-sole-official-language/article18491652.ece">
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Should Hindi be the sole official language?
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<p>However, a case is gaining momentum in favour of revisiting Part
XVII of the Constitution which envisages, in essence, the replacement of
English language with Hindi at the national level and with other
languages in the Eight Schedule in their respective states.</p><p>The
fact that this transformation should have been completed by 1965 but has
been continually deferred is indicative of how sensitive — and
potentially explosive — the issue can be. If left unresolved, the
language muddle is bound to affect both the efficacy of our educational
system and the integrity of our judiciary.</p><h2>A fait accompli</h2><p>The
higher judiciary appeared to be the sole exception to this
English-to-Hindi journey as Article 348(1) stipulates the use of English
in the Supreme Court and High Courts as well as for drafting Bills,
Acts and Orders. But Article 348(2) read with Section (7) of the
Official Languages Act 1963 provides for Hindi or other official
languages to be used in High Courts “in addition to English”.</p><div class="gmail-also-view-container">
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<span>Also Read</span>
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<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/signs-of-trouble/article17817471.ece">
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Signs of trouble
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<p>Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have already been
granted the right to use Hindi in their High Courts. But the same right
has been withheld from Tamil Nadu and Gujarat and Chhattisgarh which
sought permission to use Tamil, Gujarati and Hindi respectively.</p><p>With
regard to the functioning of High Courts, all Indian official languages
enjoy equal status and, therefore, demands for permission to use these
languages in High Courts are bound to increase. This ought to, in any
case, be the logical outcome of our language policy.</p><p>Moreover,
given our preference for mother tongue as the medium of instruction
coupled with a State’s official language being the sole language for all
administration, it would be illogical to exclude that State’s sole
official language from being used in its High Court.</p><div class="gmail-also-view-container">
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<span>Also Read</span>
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<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/hindi-as-an-official-language-of-the-un/article7638015.ece">
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The fight for domestic parity
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<p>And the Supreme Court doesn’t appear to relax its ‘English-only’ policy.</p><p>How
will, then, judges be transferred from one High Court to another or
elevated to the Supreme Court? Though, on paper, all High Courts also
use English in their work, the English fluency of both litigants and
their lawyers will progressively get worse as a result of our language
policy.</p><p>The complexity of the language issue has been exemplified
by four developments that took place in April this year. Three of the
four are the outcomes of stipulations enshrined in Part XVII and the
fourth one is a case in point on what happens as a consequence.</p><p>The
Parliamentary Committee on Official Language recommended to the Central
Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) to make Hindi compulsory in all
CBSE-affiliated schools till Class X. This requirement obviously targets
CBSE schools in non-Hindi speaking States and English-medium schools
everywhere.</p><p>Sensing backlash from non-Hindi States, especially
Tamil Nadu, the CBSE announced that it has not taken a final decision on
the matter. One can only wish that those in a hurry to promote Hindi
had listened to what the Supreme Court has clearly pronounced on the
issue. A Constitution Bench of the Court held in 2014 (<em>in Karnataka Vs Recognised-Unaided Schools</em>) inter alia:</p><div id="gmail-inarticle_wrapper_div"><div id="gmail-inread1_26817" style="display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;clear:both"><div id="gmail-inread_26817" style="height:1px;overflow:hidden" class="gmail-mainAdView"><table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr id="gmail-zd_tr_26817"><td id="gmail-zd_td_26817" style="opacity:0"><br></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><p>Even for linguistic minorities, it is the fundamental right of parents to determine what their mother tongue is;</p><p>A
child, and on his behalf his parent or guardian, has the right to
choose the medium of instruction at the primary school stage under
Article 19(1)(a), and;</p><p>The imposition of mother tongue at the
primary school stage (by the State) affects the fundamental rights under
Articles 19(1)(a) and (g) of the Constitution.</p><p>The Bench goes a
step further on the issue of ‘standards of education’ and precludes any
proactive role for the State. The general import of the verdict is that
the State may ‘promote’ a language or a subject, but it cannot ‘impose’
the same on an unwilling populace.</p><p>In fact, the apex court’s line
of reasoning must be music for the votaries of English-medium schooling:
“For example, prescribing English as a medium of instruction in
subjects of higher education for which only English books are available
and which can only be properly taught in English may have a direct
bearing and impact on the determination of standards of education.
Prescribing the medium of instruction in schools to be mother tongue in
the primary school stage in classes I to IV has, however, no direct
bearing and impact on the determination of standards of education, and
will affect the fundamental rights under Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(g)
of the Constitution.” (supra, para 40)</p><p>Thus, a move such as what
CBSE is contemplating will face the danger of being struck down as
unconstitutional. The least that will happen is one more prolonged legal
process, affecting the future of millions of our students.</p><p>The
other two developments relate to the promotion of non-Hindi Indian
languages in their respective states. Andhra Pradesh announced that a
department will coin new Telugu words to replace English words in vogue
now.</p><p>And the government of Kerala declared that from May,
Malayalam would be the sole language of the administration. However, the
State retained English as a link language in its dealings with the
Centre and the outside world.</p><p>True to its reputation, Kerala has
stuck to the global norm of mother tongue plus English. However, the
efficacy of this policy will vary depending on how a State balances its
desire to promote its language and culture with the imperative of
helping its young people to have sufficient fluency in English.</p><p>The
fourth development is the order passed by the apex court on April 11
terming an impugned order passed by the Himachal Pradesh High Court as
“not possible to comprehend” and directed the High Court to hear the
case afresh.</p><h2>Rethink necessary</h2><p>It can only be
called a manmade disaster that the apex court was forced to dismiss a
judgment of a High c=Court as incomprehensible. Part XVII in full
operation will render India incomprehensible to itself and to the
outside world.</p><p>It is time for India to relook its language policy
under Part XVII which became obsolete more than 50 years ago. There’s no
point in reinventing the wheel. Instead, the nation must adopt mother
tongue plus English, with Hindi accorded a pride of place for ceremonial
occasions at national and international levels.</p><p><span class="gmail-ng_tagline_credit">D. Shyam Babu is senior fellow, Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi. Views are personal</span></p><p><span class="gmail-ng_tagline_credit"><a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/beyond-the-language-conflict-the-need-for-a-clear-language-policy/article18619691.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/beyond-the-language-conflict-the-need-for-a-clear-language-policy/article18619691.ece</a><br></span></p>
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