<div dir="ltr"><h1>Education in Sinhala and Tamil Medium vs English</h1> <span class="gmail-article_date">January 4, 2018, 10:20 pm</span>
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<p>By Siri Gamage</p> <br> <p>I read with interest a series of
recent articles covering the merits of education in the medium of
English as conducted in a bygone era prior to 1956 and the problems
associated with the delivery of higher education in Sinhala and Tamil
medium afterwards. Discussion covered the merits of 1956 changes to
official language policy introduced by former PM SWRD Bandaranayake as
well as their negative consequences when the teaching of English was
given low priority. The latest in the series of these articles is by
Uswatte-arachi in The Island (02.01.2017) where he comments on the role
of Central Schools as well. He states that the problems in education
started when the teaching in Sinhala and Tamil media was started in the
university. Lack of reading material in these languages at the time is
mentioned as a contributing factor to the deterioration of education.
He highlights the continuing practice of teaching in English in the
medical, engineering and some science faculties in comparison to
teaching in social sciences and humanities where the medium change to
Sinhala and Tamil was religiously adopted harming the advantages that
would have been gained otherwise. He even suggests that the
undergraduates should have been given instruction in English language
study during first two years in the university. In writing this short
article including my experiences, the aim is to show that this is a
highly complex issue requiring systematic inquiry by the authorities.</p> <br> <p>I
entered the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya in September 1968 from
Walasmulla Maha Vidyalaya. I was among two who were fortunate enough to
enter the prestigious university, the other being former professor of
philosophy at Kelaniya university, V.G. Kularathne. The closest Central
School to my place of residence was at Weeraketiya where the study of
science was available at the time. I had no knowledge of science
subjects at Horewela Primary School and the only other opportunity
available for me was to get admission to Walasmulla Maha Vidyalaya.
Following the trend at the time, I spent one term studying in the
science stream in that school but I was not able to cope with the sudden
exposure to an alien subject and the challenges it posed without prior
preparation. Tasks associated with lab work, use of science texts with
a lot of technical terms etc. and even learning the science concepts
and principles were difficult. The principal Mr. Jayawickrama called my
father to his office and courteously advised both of us that it is
better if I join the arts stream as I was the last in terms of one term
results in the science stream. We accepted his advice and the rest is
history. I excelled in studying subjects such as Buddhist civilisation,
history, government/political science, etc for the HSC in 1967. We had
not only university graduate teachers who were qualified to teach in
the school but they had a passion for teaching. However, the English
teacher used to sleep on the table keeping his head on it as students
showed little interest in learning the language. By the time I entered
the university, I had little to no knowledge of English and even
avoided those who spoke English in my first year to avoid
embarrassment.</p> <br> <p>I was among those who were taught in Sinhala
medium during the early 1970s. In fact HL taught me sociological
concepts and theory in my second year. Other reputed teachers such as
Ralph Peris (had no skills in teaching in Sinhala), Gananath
Obeysekera, Kitsiri Malalgoda, Sunimal Fernando did their best to
explain different aspects of sociology and anthropology. Mr. J. P
Delgoda, commissioner of prisons taught criminology as a visiting
lecturer. He brought practical experience to the classroom compared to
some others who had field research experience e. g. Obeysekera. Arm
chair thinking was anathema to anthropologists and sociologists who
advocated the merits of empirical field research and data collection.
In sociology, positivist research methodology dominated whereas
anthropologists emphasised other methods such as participant
observation to gather information. We were taught to look at our own
society, people, culture, religion, economy, education etc through the
concepts, theories and methods from these disciplines which had their
origins in Europe and evolved later in the US.</p> <br> <p>My story of
learning English at the university to be able to qualify and undertake a
special degree in Sociology is an unusual one characterised by
personal commitment ,hard work and desire as well as peer support.
Therefore I would not try to generalise my experience for the time. The
university had English classes but their emphasis was to give us
reading and comprehension skills. However, teachers we had such as
Hemamali Gunasinghe, Mrs Gunawardene (wife of an engineering professor)
taught us the value of communicative English also. Most of all, their
teaching approach helped us to eliminate fear within us about speaking
in English. Additional tutorial classes in Gampaha (duringuniversity
closure due to 1971 insurrection) and in Kandy privately conducted by a
talented Tamil teacher from Trinity helped me to further my English
language skills. The encouragement received from my seniors was
invaluable. But my main intention here is to throw some light on
learning in Sinhala medium and later teaching sociology and
anthropology in Sinhala and English medium until 1986(for more read
Gamage 2014).</p> <br> <p>There is no doubt that if I had better English
knowledge when I entered university or in the first year it would have
been much easier for me to learn and absorb alien disciplinary
knowledge, principles and methods and research findings as all our text
books, reference books and journal articles were in English and some
in German and French. Even though our teachers at university did their
best to translate and present knowledge originally available in English
and other European languages, comprehension of Sinhala translations
was not easy as we had to use a lot of technical terms that were not in
the vernacular. However, my colleagues in the sociology classes such as
Tudor Silva, Amarasiri de Silva, Jayantha Perera, and my senior Sarath
Chandrasekera were generous in sharing knowledge in the discipline. I
was fortunate enough to grasp the fundamentals of the disciplines with
perseverance and burning mid night oil. Learning English language and
Sociology/anthropology at the same time was an uphill task that I had
to overcome. As I had set my personal academic goals clearly by then,
such perseverance and commitment were not obstacles but vehicles for
future success i.e. getting an upper second class in the honours
degree.</p> <br> <p>Nonetheless, most of my colleagues in a batch of 700
were only able to complete a general degree studying 3 subjects such
as history, political science, Economics, Sinhala, Buddhism and others.
Their exposure to disciplinary knowledge in the English medium or for
that matter English language was highly limited unless they had come
from city schools or central schools. They relied on translated
knowledge by their lecturers and tutors. I might add that such
translations at the time were of the highest standard compared to what
we observe in universities today. There was also a common view at the
time that university graduates had an all round knowledge not limited
to the subjects learned. For example, an arts graduate would have
knowledge in how the body functioned, world affairs, bureaucracy and
government, how to make decisions in troubled circumstances,
psychology, dealing with police, art and culture, city matters etc.
Later on recognising the importance of providing undergraduates
knowledge in several fundamental fields of study, a Foundation year was
introduced. The degree obtained by these students was called Foundation
degree due to this and it acquired some notoriety among the
undergraduates as a result. However, I attended some lectures by Osmond
Jayarathne, E.R. Sarachchandra etc. delivered as part of this
foundation year on my own choosing. They were excellent introductions
to subjects they dealt with. For example, Osmond talked about the
universe.</p> <br> <p>The point about higher education emphased by
previous writers to The Island such as Elmo, Samaraweera,
HL,Karunanayake and Uswatte-aratci is whether the country would have
been better if university education was provided via English or
Sinhala, and Tamil mediam? There is no question about the merits of
having a knowledge of English and for that matter other European and
Asian languages. Such knowledge theoretically at least can open the
young minds to global knowledge and literature,achievements in science
and technology, history of civilisations etc. However, we should not
forget the fact that the social science disciplines and humanities to
some extent were subject areas with colonial trappings in their origin,
introduction to Ceylon, and translations to Sinhala and Tami student
audiencesl. The knowledge taught thus was/is not universally applicable
or value free. It needs to be adapted to local context,it's
needs,culture and even nation building exercises. In short, such
disciplinary knowledge needs to be decolonized. This has not happened to
the extent that the generations of young people who received free
education in Sinhala and Tamil deserve.</p> <br> <p>Instead of text
books with original ideas,concepts,theories,paradigms or methods by our
social scientists,what we still see in Sociology at least is Sinhala
and Tamil translations of texts published decades ago in English.( This
is not to say that there are no excellent edited collections of
papers,especially as felicitation books for retiring
academics,published in English). An academic dependency on western and
American knowledge inherited from a previous era still dominates our
social sciences(see Gamage 2016). We do not have centres of excellence
in teaching and research in cutting-edge fields such as post colonial
studies,critical feminist studies, post development, Southern theory
that focus on recent developments in Asia, Africa, Latin America
etc.along with theorisations from the global south In such an
environment where translation of old knowledge in the disciplines, rote
learning for passing examinations etc are encouraged instead of
critical examination,evaluation and adoption or rejection of received
disciplinary knowledge,can we expect an innovative nation to emerge?
Can we expect a knowledge hub to succeed? Can we expect our social
science graduates to be on par with the bilingual graduates of a bygone
era in terms of their intellect and skills set?</p> <br> <p>When
discussing the merits of education in English compared to Sinhala or
Tamil, we need to remember how a class of English educated was nurtured
by the British government and missionaries during the pre 1956 era.
This class lost knowledge of local culture,religion, language,customs
etc. in the process of trying to imitate Western style of life and fit
in with the British administrators. They imbibed in and imitated
Western ways of living,religion,language,customs and more for the
benefits and privileges received from the colonial government and
missionaries. It was the locals who learned In Sinhala or Tamil while
acquiring a knowledge of English and in some cases Sanskrit and Pali
who made a critical contribution to the nationalist revival,free
education and gaining of independence,e.g Sir Baron Jayatillake.
Intellectuals of this category are called bilingual intellectuals(see
Ranjani Obeyesekera 1984).</p> <br> <p>A concerning aspect of higher
education today is not only the depleting number of bilingual
intellectuals but also the lack of teaching about our own knowledge
traditions contained in our cultural,philosophical,literary and
religious traditions or even a knowledge of our history and language.
This is partly due to the heavy reliance of our social scientists in
universities on Western disciplines unadulterated. Thus even though the
universities teach social sciences in Sinhala and Tamil, the graduates
are not only incapable of accessing wider knowledge in English but
lack a grounding of indigenous or local
culture,history,religions,literature,arts,music etc. Thus they disown
their inherited identity and subjectivity plus heritage and acquire a
modern identity and subjectivity,though many struggle to achieve even
this due to the class and city-village divide. The former is in line
with colonial designs originally set in place by the British and being
continued up to this day by our higher education system via the Western
and American disciplines translated. This has deep and far reaching
consequences for the country.This is another reason for a concerted
effort by authorities to reform higher education with decolonisation of
curriculum and teaching as a central focus instead of parroting the
merits of internationalisation of education and the English language
per se.</p> <br> <p>Before the country prepares graduates in social
sciences and humanities for the global economy or market with free
education, it needs to prepare graduates with a sense of pride in their
own identity, culture, history, religion, art, literature and
collected wisdom. If not, we will be training graduates whose first
preference is to leave the country at the first opportunity to be a
migrant in an English speaking country thereby denying their services
to the country that trained their hand. Unfortunately, some misguided
youth who did not enter the universities also try to follow the same
path even by boats.I think the loss to the country as a result of not
reforming higher education to country's current needs is even more in
billions lost compared to the bond scam. Gamage.S. 2014.Changing
Patterns of Anthropology and Sociology Practices in Sri Lanka in the
Context of Debates on Northern and Southern Theory, Social Affairs,
Vol. 1(1).</p> <br> <p>Gamage,S. 2016. Academic Dependency on Western
Disciplinary Knowledge and Captive Mind among South Asian Sociologists,
Social Affairs, Vol. 1(5).</p> <br> <p>Obeyesekera,R. 1984. The
Bilingual Intelligentsia: Tgeir contribution to the Intellectual Life
of Sri Lanka in the Twentieth Century, in Honouring E.F.C. Ludowyk
Felicitation Essays (eds) Percy Colin-Thome and Ashley Halpe, Thisara
Prakasakayo, Dehiwala.</p><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
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