<div dir="ltr"><h1 class="entry-title">Compulsion could kill the Māori language</h1>
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<div><a href="https://thespinoff.co.nz/author/paul-moon/" title="View all posts by Paul Moon" rel="author"><span class="gmail-author gmail-vcard">Paul Moon</span></a> | Guest writer<br></div> </div>
<p><strong>Paul Moon, author of the controversial new book <em>Killing Te Reo Maori</em>, argues that making te reo Māori a compulsory school subject is the worst thing we could do to preserve the language.</strong></p><p>To
paraphrase Nietzsche, “te reo Māori is dead, and we have killed it.”
Well, not quite, but it is possibly only a matter of time before the
last rites are pronounced on our indigenous language. How, then, do we
revive this taonga, which currently looks to be in terminal decline? So
far, none of the efforts – either individually or cumulatively – has
arrested the drop in the number of te reo speakers. Between 1996 and
2013, the proportion of the Māori population able to converse in the
language decreased from 25.0 per cent to 21.3 per cent. The number of
Kōhanga Reo have fallen from their high-water mark of 765 in 1996 to
around 460 currently, and to put the language in a global context, te
reo is spoken by 0.0016 per cent of the world’s population. The
challenges facing it can therefore hardly be overstated.</p><p>So what
is the solution? Last year, the Greens announced their support for te
reo being made available “to every New Zealand child” through having it
as a compulsory subject in the state school system. The party argued
that “[w]e have a responsibility to ensure that our indigenous language
thrives in Aotearoa. Introducing all children to it at school is the
best way to make that happen.”</p><p>However, the claim that compulsion
is the “best way” to ensure that te reo “thrives” reveals an exceptional
ignorance not only of the basic tenets of how languages function, but
also the experience of compulsion for minority or indigenous languages
in other countries,</p><p>Calls for compulsion represent scraping the
barrel of language revitalisation options. They are an admission that
the normal transmission mechanisms of the language have broken down.
Restoring these mechanisms to the point where a language is thriving is a
complex undertaking with low chances of success, but is certainly
something that no amount of compulsion can ever remedy.</p><p>Of more
direct concern, though, is the fact that compulsion in schools has a
consistent record of failure when it comes to reviving indigenous
languages. After the formation of the Irish Free State in 1921, for
example, Irish was made compulsory, but this did little to advance the
cause of the indigenous language, and eventually did not achieve the
hoped-for revitalisation of Irish, which after close to century of
compulsion is in steep decline.</p><p>In Singapore, under the Mother
Tongue Language policy, all students are required to study their
respective official mother-tongue language. Tamil (one of the country’s
four official languages) is a compulsory subject in schools for Tamil
students, and is available in most public schools. Yet, despite this
compulsion, between 2000 and 2010, the use of Tamil as a household
language among Singapore’s Tamil population fell from 42.9 per cent to
36.7 per cent, and that was with increased government funding and new
strategies to encourage the language’s revitalisation.</p><p>The same
trend is evident in Luxembourg, where the indigenous language –
Luxembourgish – is now classified as “endangered”. This is despite it
having been a compulsory subject in schools since 1912, as well as
having been a requirement for naturalisation from 1938, and being
declared a national language in 1983.</p><p>In 1990, Welsh was made
compulsory in Wales for school students. However, even with other
state-sponsored measures to support the language’s revival, the 2011
census revealed there had been a dramatic decline in both the absolute
number of Welsh speakers, and their proportion in the population of
Wales as a whole.</p><p>These examples confirm that compulsion – even
when accompanied by the full armoury of language-revitalisation
strategies, and even when the language in question is that of the
majority culture in the country – fails in its sole objective.</p><p>There
is another dimension to this failure, however, that is less apparent.
The political capital expended in order to get an indigenous language
made compulsory in a state school system is enormous. Once the advocates
of such a policy have accomplished their aim, they are much less likely
to have enough political leverage left to achieve anything else on such
a scale.</p><p>This adds to the danger of such a policy. Were it to be
implemented in New Zealand, we could be left with a system of compulsion
that is destined to fail in its goal of revitalising te reo, and with
insufficient political currency remaining to advance the cause of the
language in more effective ways. Allied to this problem is the belief
that compulsion – despite absolute evidence to the contrary – is a sort
of meta-solution to the decline of indigenous languages. That is just a
vain hope.</p><p>Compulsion is the sort of approach that tends to be
favoured by totalitarian regimes, which feel the need to change
something, but lack both the insight to diagnose the problem and the
acuity to effect a solution. There are possible means by which te reo
can be rescued from imminent extinction, but compulsion will never be
one of these.</p><p><em>Dr Paul Moon is Professor of History at Auckland University of Technology</em></p><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
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