<div dir="ltr">
<header>
<h1 class="gmail-node-title"><a href="http://today.ku.edu/2018/01/25/kazakhstan-seeks-use-language-tool-establishing-independence-scholar-says" title="Kazakhstan seeks to use language as tool for establishing independence, scholar says">Kazakhstan seeks to use language as tool for establishing independence, scholar says</a></h1>
<div class="gmail-date"><div class="gmail-field gmail-field-name-field-ku-news-date gmail-field-type-datetime gmail-field-label-hidden"><div class="gmail-field-items"><div class="gmail-field-item even"><span class="gmail-date-display-single">Mon, 01/29/2018</span></div></div></div></div>
</header>
<div class="gmail-field gmail-field-name-field-ku-news-article gmail-field-type-text-with-summary gmail-field-label-hidden"><div class="gmail-field-items"><div class="gmail-field-item even"><p><img alt="" src="http://today.ku.edu/sites/news.ku.edu/files/images/general/2018_news/january/kazakhstan-alphabet-gd.jpg" style="width: 700px; height: 467px;"></p>
<p>LAWRENCE — When Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev visited the
White House earlier this month, he thanked President Donald Trump and
U.S. leaders for their support for his nation's "independence and
territorial integrity."</p>
<p>To establish the Central Asian nation's independence from regional
powers, the authoritarian leader has used one less-traditional method
recently: changing Kazakhstan's alphabet.</p>
<p>A University of Kansas linguistic anthropologist said Nazarbayev's
move from a heavy Cyrillic to Latin alphabet is interesting for several
reasons, including that the change has shed light on language as an
often overlooked critical piece in geopolitics.</p>
<p>"In some ways this is the first writing system of the texting
generation," said Arienne Dwyer, a University of Kansas professor of
linguistic anthropology and director of research at the Institute for
Digital Research in the Humanities. "It is very youth-oriented. At the
same time, it is a subtle pivot away from Russia because of the change
from Cyrillic to a Latin alphabet."</p>
<p>Nazarbayev has led Kazakhstan since the collapse of the Soviet Union,
and the world's largest landlocked country has a complex history with
other nations in the region as well. The switch in alphabets cannot be
viewed as aligning with Europe, Dwyer said, because Nazarbayev chose not
to use umlauted and accented characters, typical in German or
Hungarian, nor as aligning itself with Turkish orthographic conventions.</p>
<p>"What you're seeing is through a writing system a country is showing
its new strength, and it's drawing a kind of ideological border between
these countries and itself," Dwyer said. "This is despite the fact that
it has close ties with all of these units."</p>
<p>The new alphabet relies heavily on apostrophes, she said, likely an
effort to make it easier to use via text messaging and social media,
though it has <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/15/world/asia/kazakhstan-alphabet-nursultan-nazarbayev.html?_r=0">received criticism</a> in some linguistic circles.</p>
<p>"The net effect of some change like this is it is both a practical
one that is in the realm of human-computer-interaction, where you
optimize the range of motion and the number of clicks the user has to do
with the device, whether that is a cellphone, tablet or laptop," Dwyer
said. "The other component is an ideological one where the country is
declaring separation between or a boundary between itself and Russia,
Europe and Turkey. It is quite significant in a geopolitical sense
because if you compare Kazakhstan to other neighboring countries, it is
the first one to make this move."</p>
<p>Still, the process will not be painless.</p>
<p>"This is a big change in people's lives. You think about our parents
and grandparents learning new behaviors in order to use computers,"
Dwyer said. "For Kazakhstani citizens, abandoning the writing system
they grew up with and using an unfamiliar one is a similar feeling for
people."</p>
<p>Dwyer said the downside of anybody changing a writing system is
cutting off a generation from previous generation literature and
science.</p>
<p>"In the case of Kazakhstan, that danger is not as acute because the
Russian language, culture and economy are still important forces in the
society that we know that most things will be bilingual in both Russian
and Kazakh, using both writing systems," Dwyer said.</p>
<p>Russian will be taught, which ensures children will learn Russian, and therefore Cyrillic, she said.</p>
<p>"However, it does disfavor the oldest generation, who are not used to
reading this and would have to learn the system," Dwyer said. "The
oldest generation likely never learned to read the Latin script."</p>
<p>Could we see other nations follow in this tactic to seek more
psychological independence? For now, Kazakhstan may be the only one that
can afford to do it, she said, based on its economic advantage with
somewhat vast natural resources.</p>
<p>"For Kazakhstan, this switch is an additional way of showing that it
has arrived as an international first-world country," Dwyer said. "They
are a major oil power. They successfully balance Russian and Chinese
interests, and they have established an internationally oriented
university."</p>
<p>One key takeaway message from the alphabet switch is that language
planning can be a powerful means to signal ideology and geopolitical
power.</p>
<p>"With this move, the country implies 'we are autonomous
decision-makers, we are a first-world country,'" Dwyer said. "Therefore,
language policy changes are subtle but effective — sometimes more
effective than other approaches."</p>
<p>As a scholar, Dwyer also examines how the languages and cultures of
Central Asia can change. She analyzes premodern Turkic manuscripts
written in the Perso-Arabic script that predated the arrival of Latin
and Cyrillic scripts to that area.</p>
<p>She recently published <a href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/23399">an article</a>,
"On writing, reading and scripts in early 20th century Kashgar," that
examined premodern manuscript technologies — papermaking and the spread
of calligraphic styles from Persia to Central Asia and India — as part
of a larger project to digitize, analyze and put online Central Asian
Turkic manuscripts from the early 1900s.</p>
<p>Funded by the Henry Luce Foundation, a multinational research team of
Americans, a French scholar of Persian and Uyghur students transcribed,
translated and examined the manuscripts for elements of both
traditional medicine and grammar. The manuscripts were collected in the
early 20<sup>th</sup> century by Sweden's then ambassador to Kashgar, Gunnar Jarring.</p>
<p>However, like the modern Kazakhs, who will need time to adjust to
their new, apostrophe-rich Latin writing system, Dwyer's research team
has taken time to learn how to read and especially transcribe the
Chaghatai language of these Kashgar manuscripts.</p>
<p>"We had come up with several spelling systems so that as many people
as possible can read one of them. And we have English translations.
Otherwise, our scholarship would be inaccessible," Dwyer said.</p>
<p>All their work is publicly available on the <a href="https://uyghur.ittc.ku.edu/atmo.html">project's website</a>.</p>
<p>"The project is particularly powerful for the Uyghur students. This
Chaghatai language we are looking at is close to their
great-great-grandparents' language," Dwyer said. "Therefore, the
students have valuable insights on changes in healing practices and
language. We also want academics, as well as their parents and
grandparents, to be able to read one version of these manuscripts we
present. This is their community's heritage."</p>
<p>Both the changes in the Kazakhstani writing system and the KU-based
research on and sharing of Central Asian manuscripts show how cultural
and linguistic histories inform decision-making in the present.</p>
<p>"For geopolitical insight about a region, demographers, economists
and political scientists are often consulted," Dwyer said, "but by
seeing how people interpret language and culture, you often get more
insight into national ideologies, aspirations and policies than you
might with just reading overt policies and interviewing people about
them."</p>
<p>Photo: <span style="color:rgb(33,33,36);font-family:"Proxima Nova","helvetica neue",helvetica,arial,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">President Barack Obama speaks with, from left, President </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Nursultan</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Nazarbayev</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> of Kazakhstan, President Dmitry Medvedev of Russia and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Lavrov </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">during
the second plenary session of the Nuclear Security Summit at the Walter
E. Washington Convention Center in Washington, D.C., on April 13, 2010.
Arienne Dwyer, KU l</span></span>inguistic anthropologist,
said Nazarbayev's recent move from a heavy Cyrillic to Latin alphabet
sheds light on language as an often overlooked critical piece in
geopolitics. <strong>Credit:</strong> <span style="color:rgb(33,33,36);font-family:"Proxima Nova","helvetica neue",helvetica,arial,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Pete Souza/White House official photo.</span></span></p>
</div></div></div>
<br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
</div>