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<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2018/03/07/why-putin-wont-attempt-to-integrate-estonia-and-latvia-into-the-russian-federation/">Why Putin won’t attempt to ‘integrate’ Estonia and Latvia into the Russian Federation</a></h2>
<div class="gmail-post-content">
<div class="gmail-sharedaddy gmail-sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="gmail-robots-nocontent gmail-sd-block gmail-sd-social gmail-sd-social-icon gmail-sd-sharing"><div class="gmail-sd-content"><br><br><div class="gmail-sharing-clear"></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail-pf-content"><p><em><a href="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2018/03/07/why-putin-wont-attempt-to-integrate-estonia-and-latvia-into-the-russian-federation/#Author"><img class="gmail-alignleft gmail-wp-image-44808 gmail-size-full" src="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/files/2018/03/Michele_Commercio.jpg" alt="" width="80" height="108"></a>Following
the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, there were fears that Estonia
and Latvia could be dragged into a similar crisis due to the large
numbers of ethnic Russians living in each state. But as </em><a href="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2018/03/07/why-putin-wont-attempt-to-integrate-estonia-and-latvia-into-the-russian-federation/#Author"><strong>Michele E. Commercio </strong></a><em>highlights,
the unique history of Estonia and Latvia has produced a very different
situation to that in Ukraine, with both states now hosting a new
generation of integrated, bilingual ethnic Russians who are content with
their lives in Estonia and Latvia. Any attempt to integrate parts of
Estonia or Latvia into the Russian Federation would likely face fierce
resistance from ethnic Russians on the ground as well as from NATO
forces.</em></p>
<p><img class="gmail-aligncenter gmail-size-full gmail-wp-image-44809" src="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/files/2018/03/tallinnsky2018.jpg" alt="" width="670" height="335"></p>
<h5>Tallinn, Credit: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/visitestonia/33955092105/">Visit Estonia</a> (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/">CC BY-NC-SA 2.0</a>)</h5>
<p>Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 generated grave concerns in the
international community regarding Putin’s potential further ambitions,
particularly toward the Baltic States. This apprehension was the
foundation of NATO’s decision to beef up its military presence in
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Yet Putin has made no effort to
‘integrate’ these states, or heavily Russified parts of these states,
into the Russian Federation. The most obvious reason for this is the
fact that all three Baltic states are members of NATO; Ukraine, of
course, is not a member of NATO.</p>
<p>But there is another seemingly simple but significant reason Putin
will not try to integrate these states into the Russian Federation: he
is cognisant of the fact that such a geopolitical move would be too
difficult because ethnic Russians in Estonia, where they are 25% of the
population, and Latvia, where they are 26% of the population, are
content. They have no desire to join the Russian Federation. Indeed,
they would resist an attempt at integration, and NATO would support the
territorial integrity of the sovereign states in which they reside.</p>
<p>The assertion that ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia are
satisfied with the status quo requires further explanation. When Estonia
and Latvia became independent sovereign states in 1991, they embarked
on nationalisation projects designed to strengthen and promote the
Estonian and Latvian nation politically, culturally, demographically,
and economically. This is hardly surprising, given the traumatic history
of each nation, which we can characterise in terms of deportation,
occupation, and illegal annexation.</p>
<p>Following the illegal incorporation of the Baltic States into the
Soviet Union in 1941, Moscow pursued an aggressive Russification policy
that included outsourcing ethnic Russian labour to these states to
ensure political stability, cultural conformity, and economic
reliability. The policy resulted in a demographic imbalance that
rendered Estonians and Latvians a bare majority within their respective
union republic. It also generated asymmetric bilingualism, as Russians
were monolingual while out of necessity Estonians and Latvians were
bilingual, mastering Russian for practical purposes while attempting
with difficulty to keep their native languages alive.</p>
<p>Aggressive Russification also ensured an ethnic Russian or heavily
Russified Estonian/Latvian political leadership that advanced Moscow’s
interests at the expense of local interests. By the end of the 1980s,
Russification policies had spawned a pervasive fear of cultural
extinction among Estonians and Latvians that motivated elites to pursue
the most aggressive nationalisation policies implemented in the
post-Soviet states.</p>
<p>Although it has waxed and waned over time, particularly as the
European Union pressures member states to abide by the Framework
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Estonian and
Latvian nationalisation included at one time or another, for example,
citizenship laws that granted automatic citizenship only to individuals
who were citizens of the respective interwar republic. Given the massive
influx of ethnic Russians into the Estonian and Latvian Soviet
republics after WWII, this meant that most ethnic Russians residing in
independent Estonia and Latvia were not granted automatic citizenship
and had to naturalise if they wanted to belong to the polity.</p>
<p>Naturalisation policies were linked to cultural preservation
attempts, as they required applicants to pass Estonian/Latvian language
tests. Another example of Estonian and Latvian nationalisation resides
in language policy: Estonian and Latvian are the state languages of
Estonia and Latvia respectively; all other languages, including Russian,
are designated foreign languages. In addition, knowledge of the state
language is a standard requirement for public sector employment.</p>
<p>Estonian and Latvian nationalisation could have generated conflict
between ethnic Russians on the one hand and Estonians in Estonia and
Latvians in Latvia on the other hand. But this has not happened because
elites in these countries have devised what I call a system of partial
control, in which the majority ethnic group controls the political
sector but shares control of the economic sector with minority ethnic
groups.</p>
<p>The citizenship and language policies discussed above have, over
time, ensured firm Estonian and Latvian political control over
independent Estonia and Latvia. Consolidation of political control has
enabled Estonian and Latvian elites to permit economic access to the
system without opposition from staunch anti-Russian Estonian and Latvian
nationalists. Working under the assumption that economic prosperity
would give ethnic Russians a stake in the system and thus discourage
conflict, Estonian and Latvian elites opened the private sector to
Russians after they had secured political control.</p>
<p>Excluded from the public sector in the 1990s and early 2000s as a
result of citizenship and/or language policy, ethnic Russians
established businesses in Estonia and Latvia’s flourishing private
sectors. Economic stability, and in some cases prosperity, along with EU
and NATO membership, discouraged Russians from leaving Estonia and
Latvia and from protesting nationalisation policies in these countries.
Indeed, it encouraged them to take advantage of available economic
opportunities, naturalise, and raise their children bilingually. The end
result is a new generation of integrated, bilingual ethnic Russians who
are content with their lives in Estonia and Latvia. Were Putin to
unwisely attempt to ‘integrate’ Estonia and Latvia, he would face fierce
resistance from ethnic Russians on the ground as well as NATO forces
there to defend the integrity of these independent, sovereign states.</p>
<p><em>Michele E. Commercio is the author of <a href="http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14723.html">Russian Minority Politics in Post-Soviet Latvia and Kyrgyzstan: The Transformative Power of Informal Networks</a></em></p>
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<p><em>Note: This article gives the views of the author, not the
position of EUROPP – European Politics and Policy or the London School
of Economics.</em></p></div></div>
<br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
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