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<h1>#FeesMustFall: Free Education is here, but where are the students who fought for it?</h1>
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Nkateko Mabasa
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<li class="gmail-category"><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/section/south-africa/">South Africa</a></li>
<li class="gmail-dateline">19 Mar 2018 (South Africa)</li><div class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-summary-widget gmail-no-ant gmail-antenna-reset"> <div class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-summary-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span><span class="gmail-antenna-summary-title gmail-antenna-reset"> 20 Reactions</span></div></div>
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<div class="gmail-photo"><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-03-19-feesmustfall-free-education-is-here-but-where-are-the-students-who-fought-for-it/"><div class="gmail-data-image-label-hover"><img class="gmail-img-responsive" src="https://images.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/849x493q70nkateko-studenttrials-gauteng.jpg" alt="Photo: A student from Wits University is arrested after clashes with the police during ongoing protests against the cost of higher education in Johannesburg, South Africa, 10 October 2016. Photo: EPA/KIM LUDBROOK"> </div></a></div>
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<div class="gmail-blurb"><p>#FeesMustFall activists face criminal charges, long drawn-out court trials and prospects of unemployment. By NKATEKO MABASA.<span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p></div>
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<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">When
President Jacob Zuma made his surprising announcement on free education
in 2017, to many people it seemed the battle had been won, and the
period of violence and chaos was all worth it. For others, however,
another fight continues. Student activists with criminal charges for
public violence and disturbance during the protests stand trial to this
day, but this time they stand alone. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-hasreactions gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span><span class="gmail-antenna-reaction-total gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">It
certainly has been a tempestuous couple of years for institutions of
higher learning as they have had to grapple with the frustrations of
students with regards to fees and a host of other demands. Universities
were often forced to seek help from the courts in order to uphold law
and order within the campus. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Court
interdicts and private security became a last resort for
vice-chancellors in their attempts to ensure the smooth running of the
teaching and learning process. Protests were deemed unlawful if
permission was not sought and approval given by university management.
As a result, student arrests became a common occurrence when these two
forces clashed. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p><div class="gmail-teads-inread" style="margin:0px 0px 10px;height:430px;max-width:726px"><div style="margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px"><div class="gmail-teads-ui-components-label" style="display:block">ADVERTISING</div><div class="gmail-teads-player" id="gmail-teads0"></div></div></div>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Mosibudi
Rassie, a former student of the University of Pretoria, got involved in
the Language Policy (#AfrikaansMustFall) protests in February 2016. The
students wanted the university to scrap the dual language system and
remove Afrikaans as a medium of instruction. This is where Rassie first
got arrested for public violence and was sent to Kgosi Mampuru
Correctional Services. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-hasreactions gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span><span class="gmail-antenna-reaction-total gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">The charge was struck off the roll and they ordered me not to participate in any illegal protest,” said Rassie.</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Later
on, and because of his involvement in the #FeesMustFall protests which
were interdicted by the university that same year, Rassie was again
arrested. A warrant for his arrest was issued by the Brooklyn Police
Station and he was picked up outside the gate of the university. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">The
police would not grant him bail because, as they said, they could not
verify his residential address. Rassie was staying at Boekenhout student
residence at the time. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">The university sent the police a letter that I had been evicted from the residence,” said Rassie.</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">He
spent a week in prison and received the only help he had from his law
student friends who have since graduated and are still representing him.
He was charged with contravening the court interdict, trespassing on
university premises, malicious damage to property, inciting and calling
for illegal activities, and public violence. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">And
ever since then, he and a number of students across the country have
seen the inside of a jail cell because of their participation in student
protests. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Beginning with the #RhodesMustFall movement, a multitude of young black activists have also been incarcerated. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Rassie
was fortunate to graduate with a BA in Sociology and Psychology at UP.
However, he has since been banned from entering the university premises.
</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Reflecting
on what has happened,” said Rassie, “I am one of the fortunate ones who
managed to write and graduate; there are comrades who were kicked out
of the system, and could not graduate.”</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-hasreactions gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span><span class="gmail-antenna-reaction-total gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">After
graduating, he volunteered as a counsellor at Ebenezer High School in
Mokopane. He organised a school trip for the learners to go to UP.
However, he was refused entry into the university. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">My principal got a call and was told that I am not allowed inside,” he said. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">He
had to get off at the gate and let his pupils and colleagues go inside
without him. His case still continues and he is set to make an
appearance at the Pretoria Magistrates Court on 29 March.</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-hasreactions gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span><span class="gmail-antenna-reaction-total gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">He
and a number of other students now stand to face the consequences of
breaking university rules in their protests for the free education that
has been won. What is more striking of all is the gruesome experiences
that some had to go through to achieve it. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Busisiwe Seabe, a Wits student and #FeesMustFall activist, cannot count the number of times she has been arrested. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">I think the number is around 30 times or so,” she said. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">This
accounts for arrests made in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Free State and
other parts of the country. As an activist, she would travel to other
universities and colleges in support of another student. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">She
admits that the experience of arrest, coupled with the violence of the
protest itself, has severe “psychological implications” on students. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">You
are not used to being in a cell for a prolonged time. You think about
your family if they are worried, if you will lose your bursary, if you
will get a criminal charge, and how will you now find work.”</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Seabe
has had 12 trials as a student activist of which six are in session. As
a postgraduate Masters student, her movement at the University of the
Witwatersrand is limited. She has to constantly clock in at certain
times to alert the university as to where she is and there are certain
places she is not allowed to go without an escort. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">You feel alienated from everyone else,” said Seabe. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">She feels her job prospects are limited. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Whenever
I go to a job interview they only ask about #FeesMustFall instead of
the things I went there to be interviewed on,” said Seabe.</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">It is the third week now since<span style="background:transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%"> Amla Monageng</span>,
a former student and graduate of UP, was sentenced to one-year house
arrest. On 15 February, he was found guilty of two counts of public
violence and assault. He is only allowed to leave the house when he goes
to work at the Academics and Professional Staff Association at Unisa.
The authorities pop in sometimes at his workplace to check that he is
there.</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">He finds this arrangement very frustrating. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-hasreactions gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span><span class="gmail-antenna-reaction-total gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">It is not like we are criminals,” said Monageng. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-hasreactions gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span><span class="gmail-antenna-reaction-total gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">He
believes that since the government forgave apartheid officials for
their crimes against black people, they should also consider doing the
same for students.</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">These are students who fought for a “justified cause”, says Monageng.</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">We should be acquitted and receive political amnesty or presidential pardons.”</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-hasreactions gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span><span class="gmail-antenna-reaction-total gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Seabe also believes that the courts and government should consider the circumstances of the violence during protests. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">We were responding to the violence inflicted on us,” she continued. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">We had to militarise ourselves to achieve the goal of free education.”</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-hasreactions gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span><span class="gmail-antenna-reaction-total gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">The
Economic Freedom Fighters Student Command (EFFSC) have been championing
the cause of arrested students on social media and in their media
statements. At the helm of this battle is Peter Keetse, the national
president of EFFSC.</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">As
the EFFSC we approached the leader of the EFF to raise this in
Parliament, to say they must just pardon those students,” said Keetse.</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">He was then requested to draw up a list of all affected students. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p>“<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">We want to help all students, like Khanya Cekeshe who is from a college.” </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">Cekeshe,
a FootPrint Media Academy student, was sentenced to eight years (but
will only serve five) in Leeuwkop prison as a #FeesMustFall activist for
his participation in a protest.</span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large">On 4 December, Cekeshe was convicted in the Johannesburg Regional Court. </span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:large"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif">In 2016 a police van was set on fire in Braamfontein and video evidence shows Cekeshi as the culprit. </span><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><b>DM</b></span></span></span><span class="gmail-antenna gmail-antenna-text-indicator-widget gmail-antenna-reset gmail-antenna-hasreactions gmail-antenna-suppress gmail-antenna-nohint"> <span class="gmail-antenna-text-indicator-inner gmail-antenna-reset"><span class="gmail-antenna-logo gmail-antenna-reset"></span><span class="gmail-antenna-reaction-total gmail-antenna-reset"></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:large"><i>Photo:
A student from Wits University is arrested after clashes with the
police during ongoing protests against the cost of higher education in
Johannesburg, South Africa, 10 October 2016. Photo: EPA/KIM LUDBROOK</i></span></span></span></p></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
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