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<h1 id="gmail-page-title"><span>Remembering Osmania University’s Contribution to Public Life</span><span style="float:right"></span> </h1>
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<div class="gmail-field gmail-field-name-field-author-note gmail-field-type-text-long gmail-field-label-hidden"><div class="gmail-field-items"><div class="gmail-field-item even"><p>Adapa Satyanarayana (<a href="mailto:adapas8@gmail.com"><i>adapas8@gmail.com</i></a>)retired from the Department of History, Osmania University, Hyderabad.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="gmail-article_summary"><div class="gmail-field gmail-field-name-body gmail-field-type-text-with-summary gmail-field-label-hidden"><div class="gmail-field-items"><div class="gmail-field-item even"><p>For
over a 100 years Osmania University has been a global centre of
learning that served as a mirror and conscience keeper of society.
Through its history it has not only educated the young, empowering them
to find better employment, but it has also been a space that inculcated
radical ideas in students who fought for systemic change and a more
equal society. The university remains the most important institution for
first-generation students from downtrodden backgrounds in the region.
Today, the university is facing significant challenges, which must be
addressed to safeguard this historic institution.</p>
</div></div></div></div><div class="gmail-field gmail-field-name-field-article-note gmail-field-type-text-long gmail-field-label-hidden"><div class="gmail-field-items"><div class="gmail-field-item even"><p>The
author thanks the referee for comments and suggestions. He is also
thankful to Ghanta Chakrapani and K Srinivasulu for their help in
writing this article.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="gmail-field gmail-field-name-body gmail-field-type-text-with-summary gmail-field-label-hidden"><div class="gmail-field-items"><div class="gmail-field-item even"><p>The
establishment of Osmania University heralded a new era in the field of
higher education in the erstwhile Hyderabad state, of which the
Telangana region was an integral part. On the 26 April 1917, Mir Osman
Ali Khan, the last Nizam promulgated a farman by which the new
university was designed to take full advantage of “all that is best in
the ancient and modern systems of physical, intellectual and spiritual
culture” (Datla 2013: 50). The Nizam stated,</p>
<blockquote><p>In the Hyderabad Dominions a University should be
established in which the ancient and modern, oriental and occidental
arts, sciences are synthesised in such a manner that the defects of the
present system of education are rectified. (Datla 2013: 50)</p></blockquote>
<p>The ideal of imparting higher education through the regional
languages of India was a revolt against the dominance of the English
language in India under British colonial rule.</p>
<p>The Nizam sought to correct “the defects of the present system” and
protect his subjects from Eurocentric intellectual thraldom. He also
felt that the founding of a new university was indispensable for
imparting education and furthering research through the medium of a
vernacular language, that is, Urdu. The justification given for the
adoption of Urdu was that “it is the official language of the State and
understood by a vast majority of the population of the State.” The
farman<i> </i>stated,</p>
<blockquote><p>The fundamental principal in the working of the
university should be that Urdu should form the medium of higher
education, but that knowledge of English as a language should at the
same time be deemed compulsory for all students. (Datla 2013: 50)</p></blockquote>
<p>According to the farman<i>, </i>the primary objective of the
university was to promote the study of literature, arts, science,
philosophy, history, medicine, commerce, law, agriculture, and other
branches of knowledge as well as imparting physical, moral, technical
and professional training.</p>
<p>To achieve the goals outlined in the farman, Mir Osman Ali Khan
sanctioned a scheme for the establishment of a university in Hyderabad
whose roots would be firmly based in oriental culture, though they would
also derive benefits from Western knowledge. Indeed, the establishment
of Osmania University was a continuation of the traditions of <i>Dar-ul-Ulm,</i>
the first oriental college established in the mid-19th century by Sir
Salar Jung, during the reign of sixth Nizam, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, which
combined the best elements of Eastern and Western learning.</p>
<p><b>Non-English Higher Education</b></p>
<p>By founding an Urdu-medium university, the first of its kind in
British India, an attempt was made to democratise and liberate knowledge
which was imprisoned in the “treasure-houses” of foreign languages. To
popularise the regional language as a medium of higher education, a
Bureau of Compilations and Translations was established in August 1917
with Moulvi Abdul Haq as its head. It was a unique institution which
contributed to the intellectual enrichment of the university. The bureau
had undertaken translation of scientific, technical and medical books
in English, Persian, Arabic and other European languages into Urdu.
Hundreds of books relating to the faculties of arts and social sciences,
the sciences, law, engineering, medicine, and education were translated
and made available to students. The commendable work done by the
translation bureau of the university was acknowledged by scholars.</p>
<p>Thus, the Osmania University was conceived by intellectuals as a
renaissance in the Indian educational system. During the
pre-independence period, the Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan,
undertook the daring experiment of using one of the regional languages
as a medium of instruction in higher education. Rabindranath Tagore
observed,</p>
<blockquote><p>I have long been waiting for the day when, freed from the
shackles of a foreign language, our education becomes naturally
accessible to all our people. It is a problem for the solution of which
we look to our Native States, and it gives me great joy to know that
your State proposes to found a university in which instructions are to
be given through the medium of Urdu. It is needless to say that your
scheme has my fullest appreciation. (Shahane et al nd: 4)</p></blockquote>
<p>While C Rajagopalachari described that the Osmania University is a “true Vidyapeeth, the Swadeshi University of India” (<i>Telangana Today</i>
2017). One of the basic ideals of the university has been the
achievement of an intellectual synthesis of the best oriental and
occidental knowledge. The other ideal of the university has been a
cultural synthesis—which is also reflected in the architectural style of
the university buildings.</p>
<p>Osmania University was the seventh oldest university in India and
third oldest in South India and it has significantly contributed to the
academic and intellectual development of not only the region but also of
the country. The founder of the university envisaged the development of
national ethos by the creation of an academic institution in which
“national integration” is a noble ideal and a tangible reality. Osman
Ali Khan remarked,</p>
<blockquote><p>It is my earnest desire that the university should
cooperate with other Indian Universities in preparing the way for a
scientific renaissance which will contribute to the material progress
and prosperity of India, and at the same time secure for her an honoured
place in the ranks of the nations who lead in enlightenment and
culture. (<i>Telangana Today</i> 2017)</p></blockquote>
<p><b>Academic and Social Profile </b></p>
<p>During the reign of the last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan (1911–48),
there was noticeable growth in higher education. With the founding of
Osmania University in 1918, demand for higher education increased in the
Telangana region. The budget allocation for education and health in the
Nizam’s dominions increased from ₹21.75 lakh in 1911 to ₹428.41 lakh in
1948 (<i>Report on the Administration of </i>H E m<i> the Nizam’s Dominions</i>
for the respective years). The Nizam’s government also established
several intermediate, degree, and professional colleges, including a
separate college for [<i>zanana</i>] women. The first quarter of the
20th century witnessed the establishment of premier educational
institutions like the City College, the Medical College, the Engineering
College, Teacher Training College, etc. The university first conducted
intermediate examinations in 1921, while the first Bachelor of Arts (BA)
examinations were held in 1923. Subsequently a law course was launched
to provide professional training to graduates and undergraduates. In
addition, courses in theology, arts and sciences too were soon
introduced. The university held its first Master of Arts (MA) and
Bachelor of Laws (LLB>) examinations in 1925 and opened the
University College of Medicine in 1927. The university also introduced
the departments of chemistry, physics, English, civil engineering, and
mathematics, as these courses were a major requirement at that time.
Later, the university introduced PhD programme in 1938. With a modest
beginning in the early years of its existence with student strength of
225, and 25 staff members, the Osmania University expanded with rapid
speed and it made great strides. The University College of Arts began
with a modest student strength of 143 in 1919, which grew to 465 by 1922
(<i>Report on the Administration of </i>H E m<i> the Nizam’s Dominions</i>).</p>
<p>The period between 1917 and 1948 witnessed a growth of secondary and
higher education in the Hyderabad state. Like all other institutions in
the Nizam’s dominion, the University College of Arts witnessed several
changes since its inception. Most important of all, it saw the gradual
increase in student enrolment and the addition of new departments, and
courses of study to those of traditional disciplines. Historical
evidence indicates that the faculty of arts in the University College of
Arts was started with two professors and comprised 12 departments. The
total numbers of colleges under the university’s jurisdiction was 40 and
the student strength increased to 17,354 by 1948. In order to maintain
academic standards, the Nizam’s government invited a number of scholars
of eminence from different parts of India, and also employed European
scholars. Among the social sciences, the history department was one of
the earliest to be established in the Osmania University and it was
headed by eminent historians like Haroon Khan Sherwani. Along with arts
and social science disciplines, medical, engineering, science, and law
faculties also attracted eminent scholars from all over India.</p>
<p>A unique contribution of Osmania University was towards the
development of scientific, vocational, and technical education. Osmania
scholars occupied prominent positions in the Nizam’s administration and
contributed for the development of the state. The outstanding
contribution of Nawab Ali Nawaz Jung through the development of
irrigation projects is noteworthy. Likewise, the establishment of
scientific laboratories and research institutes like the Nizamiah
Observatory became the precursor to the Centre for Advanced Study in
Astronomy, and the Industrial Laboratory became the Regional Research
Laboratory. During the pre-independence period, eminent educationists
such as Nawab Mehdi Yar Jung, Nawab Sir Masood Jung, Nawab Ali Yavar
Jung shaped the secular fabric of the university and Urdu became the
“Worldly Vernacular” (Datla 2009) and “the Language of Secular Islam” in
the Hyderabad state.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, the peculiar socio-economic system prevailing under the
Asaf Jahi dynasty facilitated the growth of educated elite
predominantly drawn from the feudal/aristocratic families of upper caste
Muslims and Hindus. The language policy of the government was
advantageous for the Urdu-speaking urban elite from communities like
Muslims, Parsis, Kayasthas, and a small elite section of Hindus. Thus
besides the urban Muslim elites, rural dominant castes like Brahmins,
Velamas and Reddies from the Telangana region also enrolled in Osmania
University in pursuit of higher education. In the 1920s,> non-Brahmin
castes like Velamas, Reddys, Kapus, Padmashalis and others established
hostels in the Hyderabad city and encouraged their fellow caste-men to
pursue modern education. For instance, the Reddy Hostel facilitated the
growth of education among their community. Some of the occupation-based
other backward communities like the Padmashalis<i> </i>(weavers), Goudas
(toddy tappers), etc, also formed caste associations and established
hostels to encourage education among them. As a result they could be
seen entering into services at the lower levels. However, Dalits were
conspicuously absent in the echelons of higher education, though Bhagya
Reddy Varma, the Adi-Hindu leader, promoted primary education in the
Telugu medium.</p>
<p><b>Post-1956 Scenario </b></p>
<p>In 1948, after “Police Action,” when the Nizam’s rule was abolished
and Hyderabad state was integrated into the Indian Union, Osmania
University entered a new phase (Shahane et al nd). In 1949, English
replaced Urdu as the medium of instruction. The formation of the Andhra
Pradesh in 1956 had a profound impact on the academic structure of
Osmania University. In terms of social background of the university
teaching community and students, the post-1950 period represented the
overwhelming presence of caste Hindu elites and a sharp decline of
Urdu-speaking Muslim communities. The university registered a steady
growth in student enrolment and the period 1958–68 witnessed tremendous
expansion. Under the able administration of vice chancellors like D S
Reddy and Suri Bhagavantam, the university responded to the new
imperatives of higher education by undertaking many reforms. During the
tenure of Reddy, the accelerated pace of academic growth was largely due
to his unique personality, which “embodied a sense of the value of past
tradition, coupled with an active understanding of the need for
innovation” (Shahane et al nd: 4). He invited distinguished scholars
from different parts of India as faculty members and thereby enhanced
the stature of the university.<sup>1</sup> Under the leadership of
eminent scholars, several new courses were introduced in the faculty of
science such as astronomy, biochemistry, and geophysics; journalism,
psychology, and linguistics in the arts, and public administration in
the social sciences. There was rapid expansion of postgraduate and
doctoral courses, establishment of new chairs, and encouragement given
to research institutions.</p>
<p>In the history of Osmania University, the period between the golden
jubilee (in 1968) and platinum jubilee (in 1993) witnessed unprecedented
transformation in the higher education system in the Telangana region.
With the introduction of academic reforms and changes in education
policies of the government the number of intermediate and degree
colleges registered a sharp increase. In order to improve the academic
standards, the university introduced several reforms. In particular, the
introduction of an entrance test for admission into postgraduate
courses resulted in the growth of quality education. Prior to 1974,
admissions into postgraduate courses were given on the basis of marks
secured in the graduation courses. Because of mass copying and other
malpractices, the marks and the ranks secured in the final examinations
did not reflect the merit of a student. Hence, to overcome this anomaly,
the entrance examination system was introduced in the Osmania
University. Consequently, a large number of students from rural and
semi-urban areas of Telangana secured admissions into various
postgraduate courses. The entry of first-generation students belonging
to the underprivileged groups into the higher education system
facilitated some sort of social transformation. With the entry of
diverse social, gender, regional, ethnic, and linguistic groups the
Osmania University campus became truly cosmopolitan and relatively more
inclusive.</p>
<p>The establishment of a number of postgraduate centres in the
districts led to the expansion of academic programmes of the university.
In order to make university education accessible to large sections of
people in the Telangana region, the Distance Education Centre was
established. The last two decades of the 20th century witnessed the
formation of new centres of academic excellence on the campus. Teaching
and research activities in the university also reached new heights since
many departments received research funding from national and
international agencies. Consequently, the Osmania University emerged as a
premier educational institution in the country and in the era of
globalisation its alumni spread across the world. Presently, the Osmania
University is a preferred destination for higher studies for foreign
students, especially from Africa, West Asia and South East Asian
countries.</p>
<p>For the last hundred years, Osmania University has remained as a
premier educational institution in the Telangana region and a symbol of
liberal and secular centre of higher learning. Its alumni included
eminent personalities in diverse fields.<sup>2</sup> In the beginning,
the social composition of the university academic community consisted of
urban elite groups. But by the end of 1970, the dominant non-Brahmin
Hindu local/<i>mulki</i> groups gained considerable presence in the
faculty recruitment and admissions. Although, constitutional safeguards
and provision for reservations in university admissions and employment
were provided, they were not effectively implemented till about late
1970s. It was the main reason why many of the Dalit Bahujan communities
did not gain access to university education and employment. However,
compared to the earlier period, in the 1970–80 decade, the social
welfare policies of the government and constitutional provisions were of
immense help to the students from weaker sections.</p>
<p>The democratic student movements in the university campus, positive
and liberal teaching faculty, and a favourable academic ambience also
contributed to the educational empowerment of students of my generation,
who hailed from rural areas. The introduction of entrance examinations,
award of social welfare scholarships and implementation of reservation
policy in the university admissions facilitated the entry of quite a
good number of lower caste students into the university system, thereby
paved the way for some sort of social transformation. The 1980s was a
significant period in the history of Osmania University, as it witnessed
expansion and diversity in admissions and appointments. The social
composition of faculty and student community had undergone a significant
change. It was mainly due to the implementation of reservation policy
and constitutional safeguards in favour of Scheduled Caste (SC),
Scheduled Tribe (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) categories. In
addition, the social welfare hostels and residential schools produced
the best and meritorious students from these backgrounds.</p>
<p><b>Hotbed of Telangana Movement</b></p>
<p>The entry of students with diverse backgrounds into the university
system had an important bearing on the politicisation of campus
(Satyanarayana and Satyanarayana 2016; Prakash 2016; Reddy et al 2016).
Historically, as a leading educational institution in the Telangana
region, Osmania University also became a centre of student politics and
its campus represented divergent ideologies and viewpoints. During the
Nizam’s rule, university students participated in the Nizam’s Subjects
League which championed the cause of mulkis and also spearheaded the <i>Vandemataram </i>movement
in 1938. Later, the university also produced leaders who participated
in the communist movement and the Telangana peasant armed struggle. They
have played an active role in the formation of Hyderabad Comrades
Association and the All Hyderabad Students Association. In 1953, City
College students were in the forefront of the mulki movement, which was
the forerunner to the Telangana movement in 1969. The Telangana movement
of the 1950s> reflected the insider–outsider conflict and
articulated the distinct identity of the region and its people: its
slogans “Non-Mulkis Go Back,” and “<i>Idli-Sambar </i>Go Back,” also
reflected the assertion of the self and the other. Central to the mulki
movement was the reiteration of subregional distinctiveness of
Telangana, which can be attributed to caste/community, cultural,
linguistic, and politico-historical factors. The subregional feelings
are historically rooted in the popular imagination, as the Telugus were
separated into two distinct political units under the Nizam and British
rule.</p>
<p>However, the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh in 1956,
disregarding the subregional distinctiveness and patterns of
socio-economic transformation caused several problems. The merging of
two unequal regions and the subsequent growth of interregional
disparities paved the way for the separate Telangana movement. The first
two decades of democratic political practice in Andhra Pradesh
witnessed the systematic negation of the guarantees and safeguards, as
well as the violation of the gentlemen agreement. The blatant display of
political dominance by the non-local political leadership and
continuous discrimination of the Telangana region led to the growing
discontentment among its people. With the spread of higher education,
the aspirations of Telangana youth for employment have grown. But
first-generation university graduates in Telangana were discriminated
and their chances of employment were curtailed due to the domination of
people from coastal Andhra. In Osmania University itself, the
overwhelming presence of non-local staff members was resented by the
locals. The demand for a separate state spread to the university campus
after protests in the context of violation of employment rules.</p>
<p>Subsequently, widespread protests took place in Osmania University
campus against the employment of Andhra people in Telangana jobs. By
1969, the demand for separate Telangana crystallised among the student
community of Osmania University. Student leaders from the university
like Pulla Reddy, P Sridhar, M Mallikarjun, etc, played a catalytic role
in the mobilisation of students from all over Telangana. Educational
institutions became centres of protest, and students led mass
demonstrations, hartals, boycotts and the students Joint Action
Committee led the movement. The other notable feature of campus politics
was the support of university and college teachers to the movement.
Prominent teachers who took part in the movement included K Jayashankar,
Keshavarav Jhadav, Thota Ananda Rao, Sridhara Swamy, and they organised
conferences, meetings and published literature in support of Telangana.
The university vice chancellor, R Satyanarayana addressed public
meetings, conferences and extended his support to the cause of
Telangana. The movement became widespread and the government ruthlessly
suppressed it, which led to the death of hundreds of students. Although
the sacrifices of the students did not achieve a separate state, yet the
idea of Telangana was kept alive in the popular imagination. Indeed,
Osmania University became an important place of activity where the idea
of a separate state kept simmering in the four decades between 1969 and
2009 through meetings, seminars, and representations.</p>
<p>After the suppression of the Telangana movement in 1970, the
university campus became a centre for radical student political
movements. The onset of Naxalbari movement attracted the attention of
university students and the campus witnessed the formation of
socialist-oriented organisations. Progressive organisations were led by
prominent student leaders like George Reddy, Jampala Prasad, G Ramani,
Madhusudhan Raj, Gaddar (Gummadi Vithal Rao), Kura Rajanna, etc, who
fought against the communal forces and feudal elements in the campus and
outside. The post-Emergency decade witnessed proliferation of militant
student organisations and many students from the campus joined Naxalite
parties. Given the social polarisation on the campus, students from
Dalit Bahujan communities have played an important role in the radical
left movements, while the students with dominant caste background were
active in the pro-ruling party organisations and movements. The impact
of militant student movement was significant in the growth of
democratic, secular, and identity movements in the 1980s> and
1990s>. The first phase of the most recent Telangana movement, which
began in the mid-1990s>, was dominated by the militant student
organisations and parties.</p>
<p>The growth of second phase of Telangana movement, since the turn of
the millennium, was mainly due to the discriminatory policies pursued by
the ruling parties (Pingle 2014; Thirumali 2013). In particular, the
rise of the Telugu Desam Party to power in 1983 led to a peculiar nexus
between caste, region, capital formation, and economic development. As
the political leadership under the Congress regimes was dominated by the
Reddys, the entrepreneurial Kamma-caste capitalists acquired political
power and resorted to accumulation by monopolising the economic
resources of Telangana. Under the leadership of Telugu Desam Party the
regional capitalist class predominantly consisting of the Kammas had
taken advantage of the globalisation policies and resorted to economic
aggrandisement; real estate, cinema, hospitals, corporate education,
chit funds, information technology, and print and electronic media
became the preserve of the Seemandhra (coastal Andhra) capitalists.
Economic development under globalisation led to the destruction of the
artisanal, service and occupational communities in Telangana and caused
resentments among them. The growth of the Telangana movement since the
1990s was a clear manifestation of the destitution of the productive
communities in the Telangana region. Long before the establishment of
Telangana Rashtra Samithi party in 2001, the growth of autonomous
student movement at Osmania University and its role in keeping up the
momentum is quite significant. Its importance lies in the fact that it
exposed the manipulations of the politicians and consolidated the
growing will of the masses.</p>
<p>The university students from the two leading universities in the
Telangana region, namely Osmania and Kakatiya, overwhelmingly belonged
to the first-generation OBC, SC>, ST, minority and women students.
They truly represented the organic linkages with the grass-roots
aspirations of the lower castes who were the victims of the
globalisation agenda pursued by the dominant-caste leadership. Hence,
the slogans of Telangana movement, self-respect and identity, self-rule,
regional autonomy, etc, have gained acceptance among the Dalit Bahujans
in the rural areas through the mediation of organic leaders belonging
to the student community. University-educated lower-caste artists,
singers, writers, poets, and scholars have also played a significant
role in the mobilisation of masses during the second phase of the
Telangana movement since 2001. Though the issue remained alive in the
intervening years after 1969, large-scale student protests broke out in
2009. Since 2009, the Osmania University campus witnessed sporadic
incidents of violent protests until Telangana finally became a reality
in June 2014. The historic Arts College building is the face of the
university mobilisation and the room number 57 inside the building will
go down in history as the venue for political discussions and meetings.
The final phase of the movement was intensified by the activities of
student joint action committees founded in all the universities in the
Telangana region, but the leading role was played by the Osmania
University campus. M Kodandaram, Chairman, Telangana Joint Action
Committee, and K Laxman have played a major role in building a united
movement consisting of students, and teaching and non-teaching staff in
all the universities. </p>
<p><b>Retrospect and Prospect</b></p>
<p>The role of Osmania University in the growth of the academic and
intellectual community in the Telangana region is quite significant. As a
leading educational institution, it attracted talent from different
regions of India and contributed to academic enrichment. However, the
impact of liberalisation policies led to the weakening of the
university’s institutional structure and academic ambience. In
particular, large-scale privatisation of higher education,
non-recruitment of qualified faculty, employment of irregular and
contract faculty, and budget cuts led to the decline of academic
standards and research output. Presently, more than half of the budgeted
posts are vacant and in some departments there are no regular faculty
members. The university is facing several problems pertaining to the
infrastructure, logistics, and facilities. The introduction of
self-finance courses led to a casual employment system, and it eroded
academic and teaching standards. The examination and evaluation methods
have also declined. Lack of adequate financial resources led to
deterioration of teaching and research activities, and in recent years
funding from national bodies also declined. The neglect of recruitment
of regular teachers drastically impacted the quality of classroom
teaching in all the disciplines. Growing indiscipline and lack of
accountability on the part of the stakeholders of the university system
is causing decline of academic standards. Frequent interference by
politicians and non-academic considerations in the appointments to key
positions, is also an important reason for deterioration of academic
autonomy.</p>
<p>In order to revive the past glory and to celebrate the centenary year
of the university (in 2017–18) in a befitting manner, it is essential
to achieve academic excellence by setting a new agenda. To improve
classroom teaching, the appointment of regular teachers must be
undertaken once again. Available talent and academic resources need to
be utilised to the fullest possible extent. Presently, Osmania
University is attracting students from several foreign countries and
there is every possibility to augment its resources and face the
challenges of globalisation. The intellectual and scholarly inputs of
the university alumni can be utilised for undertaking innovative
research programmes. The introduction of innovative courses and
formulation of cutting-edge research programmes will help achieve
academic excellence.</p>
<p>The formation of the new Telangana state has brought forward many
issues and challenges before the university. Osmania University has
never been isolated from mainstream society and it has been responsive
to societal needs. The major challenge before the leading institution in
Telangana is to fulfil the aspirations of the student community, which
is drawn overwhelmingly from downtrodden communities. In the context of
growing privatisation of education, the university must fulfil their
aspiration for access to quality higher education, and employment.</p>
<p><b>Notes</b></p>
<p>1 Some of the reputed professors of the Osmania University during
1960–70 included the following: Suri Bhagavantam and P S Puranic
(Physics), K D Abhayankar (Astronomy), Bhima Shankaram (Geophysics), C
Leelanandam (Geology), Madhava Reddy (Genetics), N V Subba Rao
(Chemistry), B H Krishnamurthy (Linguistics), E G Parameswaran
(Psychology), Raja Chellaiah and Gautham Mathur (Economics), Ram Reddy, M
Muttalib and Rasheeduddin Khan (Political Science and Public
Administration), Shiv K Kumar (English), V V Ramanandham (Commerce),
Ramayanam Narsimha Rao and Saroini Regani (History), Syed Basheeruddin
(Journalism), Aryendra Sharma and P Ramachandrudu (Sanskrit), Namvar
Singh (Hindi), Manzur Alam (Geography), C Laxmanna (Sociology),
Madhusudhan Reddy and Alam Kundumiri (Philosophy).</p>
<p>2 The former Prime Minister of India, P V Narasimha Rao; former
Deputy Prime Minister, Y B Chavan; former Speaker of the Lok Sabha,
Shivraj Patil; former Union Minister, S Jaipal Reddy; former Chief
Election Commissioner of India, V S Ramadevi; former Governor of the
Reserve Bank of India Y Venugopal Reddy; former Chairman, University
Grants Commission, and Founder Vice-Chancellor of Indira Gandhi National
Open University G Ram Reddy; eminent economist C H Hanumantha Rao;
Jnanapeeth Awardee C Narayana Reddy; political scientist Kancha Ilaiah;
cosmonaut and first Indian to travel to space Rakesh Sharma; Present
chief executive officer of Adobe Systems, Shantanu Narayen; eminent film
director and screen writer, Shyam Benegal; former captain Indian
cricket team, Mohammed Azharuddin; and cricket commentator, Harsha
Bhogle.</p>
<p><b>References</b></p>
<p>Datla, Kavita (2009): “A Worldly Vernacular: Urdu at Osmania University,”<i>Modern Asian Studies,</i> Vol 43, No 5,pp 1117–48, viewed on 2 January 2018, <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/a-worldly-vernacular-urdu-at-osmania-university/40D146455749C3DBA9F543E2830536F4">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article
/a-worldly-vernacular-urdu-at-osmania-university/40D146455749C3DBA9F543E2830536F4</a>.</p>
<p>— (2013): <i>The Language of Secular Islam: Urdu Nationalism and Colonial India</i>, New Delhi: Orient Black Swan.</p>
<p>Pingle, G (2014): <i>The Fall and Rise of Telangana</i>, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.</p>
<p>Prakash, V (2016): <i>History of the Telangana Movement,</i> Hyderabad: Jayashankar Telangana Research and Development and GBK Publications.</p>
<p>Reddy, G B and Sumita Roy (2017): <i>Reflections: Osmania University Centenary Commemorative Volume,</i> Hyderabad: Osmania University.</p>
<p>Reddy, Ramakrishna, V E Sudha Rani and G Sudarshan Reddy (2016): <i>Telangana History and Culture</i>, Hyderabad: Telugu Akademi.</p>
<p><i>Report on the Administration of H E H the Nizam’s Dominions </i>(various years)<i>:</i> Hyderabad–Deccan: Government Central Press.</p>
<p>Satyanarayana, A and D Satyanarayana (2016): <i>Telangana Charitra-Samscruti Rashtraavatarana Udyamalu</i> (Telugu), Hyderabad: Sangam Books.</p>
<p>Shahane, V A, M N Siddiqui and B N Joshi (nd): <i>The Osmania University: Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 1918–68</i>, Hyderabad: The English Souvenir Committee.</p>
<p><i>Telangana Today</i> (2017): “Osmania University: In Retrospect,” 25 April.</p>
<p>Thirumali, I (2013): <i>Telangana–Andhra: Castes, Regions and Politics in Andhra Pradesh</i>, New Delhi: Akar Books.</p>
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<br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
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