<div dir="ltr">
<section id="gmail-top-content" class="gmail-col-xs-12 gmail-layout"><div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-false gmail-full gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-article-article-topper" id="gmail-f0R4OgwZGEmjUq"><div class="gmail-border-bottom-off gmail-border-bottom-100-pct"><div id="gmail-article-topper" class="gmail-article-topper"><div> <div id="gmail-topper-headline-wrapper" class="gmail-col-xs-12 gmail-col-sm-8 gmail-col-lg-9"> <h1>Ukrainians are getting less divided by language, not more. Here’s the research.</h1> </div> <span id="gmail-slug_tiffany_tile" class="gmail-hidden-xs gmail-right" style="margin:auto"></span> </div> <div class="gmail-clear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="gmail-pb-container"> </div> </section> <section id="gmail-main-content" class="gmail-col-xl-9 gmail-col-lg-8 gmail-col-md-8 gmail-col-sm-12 gmail-col-xs-12 gmail-col-xs-offset-0 gmail-col-sm-offset-0 gmail-col-md-offset-0 gmail-col-lg-offset-0 gmail-layout"> <div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-false gmail-full gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-article-article-deck" id="gmail-f0ParsFZGEmjUq"> </div> <div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-false gmail-full gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-article-article-body" id="gmail-f09uRmqZGEmjUq"><div id="gmail-pb-article-body-author-modals"></div> <div id="gmail-article-body" class="gmail-article-body gmail-content-format-ans"> <div class="gmail-pb-sig-line gmail-hasnt-headshot gmail-has-0-headshots gmail-hasnt-bio gmail-is-not-column"> <span class="gmail-pb-byline"><span class="gmail-byline-role">by </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/joshua-tucker/"><span>Joshua Tucker</span></a></span> <span class="gmail-pb-timestamp">June 8 at 7:00 AM</span> <span class="gmail-pb-tool email"><a href="mailto:joshua.tucker@nyu.edu?subject=Reader feedback for 'Ukrainians are getting less divided by language, not more. Here’s the research.'"><span class="gmail-fa gmail-fa-envelope"></span><span class="envelope-label">Email the author</span></a></span> <span class="gmail-pb-bolt"></span> </div> <article class="gmail-paywall"> <div class="gmail-inline-content gmail-inline-photo gmail-inline-photo-normal gmail-horizontal-photo"> <a name="AIHEIGJBSI5HNCFANWL76Z23DI"></a> <img src="https://www.washingtonpost.com/resizer/QyZKMmdoXAeemL_mthkOPZiO7Xg=/1484x0/arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/AIHEIGJBSI5HNCFANWL76Z23DI.jpg" class="gmail-hi-res-upsize gmail-courtesy-of-the-lazy-loader" style="cursor: zoom-in;"><br> <span class="gmail-pb-caption">Protesters
hold the Ukraine flag and anti-government placards at a rally in Kiev,
Ukraine. (Sergey Dolzhenko/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock)</span> </div> <p><em>The journal Post-Soviet Affairs recently published <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1451241">a special issue</a>
on politics and identity in Ukraine. The question of Russian vs.
Ukrainian identity has been central to the study of Ukrainian politics
for decades now, but especially so since the “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a>” protests of 2014, Russia’s subsequent annexation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation">Crimea</a>, and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/04/09/the-war-in-ukraine-is-more-devastating-than-you-know/">continued violent conflict</a>
among Ukraine, Ukrainian separatists and Russia-supported forces in the
southeast. With this in mind, I spoke to one of the guest editors of
the special issue, <a href="https://olgaonuch.com/">Olga Onuch</a>, associate professor in politics at the University of Manchester and author of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1137409762?ie=UTF8&tag=thewaspos09-20&camp=1789&linkCode=xm2&creativeASIN=1137409762">“Mapping Mass Mobilizations: Understanding Revolutionary Moments in Argentina and Ukraine”</a> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). What follows is a lightly edited version of our conversation.</em></p> <p><strong>Most
of the time when we hear discussions of identity in Ukraine, the focus
is on language: Russian language speakers and Ukrainian language
speakers. Has language continued to be a central marker of identity
since Euromaidan?</strong></p> <p>Political scientists have long debated whether the <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2669300">language someone speaks</a>
is part of an identity that informs whom they vote for, whether or not
they participate in protests, and what policies they support.</p> <span style="margin:15px auto;width:300px" id="gmail-slug_inline_bb" class="gmail-wp-inline-bb gmail-pb-centered-bb"><div id="gmail-google_ads_iframe_/701/wpni.politics/monkey-cage_3__container__" style="border:0pt none;display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px"></div></span><p>But yes, there is heightened awareness of ethnic and linguistic identities now. Arguably, Russian President Vladimir <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/putin-reserves-the-right-to-use-force-in-ukraine/2014/03/04/92d4ca70-a389-11e3-a5fa-55f0c77bf39c_story.html?noredirect=on">Putin</a>
is the one who, in 2014, really hyped the idea that Russian speakers
formed a specific political group that preferred to secede from
Ukraine and needed Russia’s protection. That left observers wondering if
ethnolinguistic identities were <em>the</em> push factor that explained support for secession.</p> <p>While there was <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2011.00493.x">some</a> <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society/article/gender-language-attitudes-and-language-status-in-ukraine/ABBEAD62AA5263598D4A77F0FC56A685">evidence</a> that such <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2747/1060-586X.24.3.232">identities</a> were <a href="https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/23297">important</a> in the past, political science <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00396339308442672">theory</a> predicted they will <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen301">shift</a> or <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/ethnicity-insurgency-and-civil-war/B1D5D0E7C782483C5D7E102A61AD6605">harden</a>
in the face of mass protest and conflict. That hasn’t happened. First,
the conflict has not spread to other majority Russophone regions.
Second, Ukrainians outside the contested regions of Donbas and Crimea
rallied around moderate policy proposals like decentralization, shunned
right-wing politicians and parties, and peacefully elected a new
president and parliament.</p> <p><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1451241">Political scientists</a>
quickly realized that before we could evaluate whether such identities
have shifted, hardened, or become more or less important, we first
needed to consider how we measure and analyze our data. We all collected
original data and collectively took some time to debate and think
through what we are capturing when we are measuring language and
ethnicity.</p> <span style="margin:15px auto;width:300px" id="gmail-slug_inline_bb_2" class="gmail-wp-inline-bb gmail-pb-centered-bb"><div id="gmail-google_ads_iframe_/701/wpni.politics/monkey-cage_5__container__" style="border:0pt none;display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px"></div></span><p>What we found is fascinating. For instance, political scientist <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1452247">Henry Hale and I</a>
found that different measures of Ukrainian ethnicity thought to be
capturing the same thing are actually measuring distinct things.
Choosing one measure over another changes whether one finds ethnicity to
be significant.</p> <p class="gmail-interstitial-link"><i>[<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/02/27/what-does-ukraines-euromaidan-teach-us-about-protest">What did Ukraine’s Euromaidan teach us about protest?</a>]</i></p> <p><strong>So what were these different aspects of identity that you felt had previously been conflated?</strong></p> <p>We
identified four dimensions of ethnicity that have distinct effects:
individual language preference (the language one feels most comfortable
in), language embeddedness (language spoken at work or home),
ethnolinguistic identity (mother tongue, scale of ethnic group
belonging) and nationality (civic identity). We recommend that all four
be included in future analyses. This means many scholars may have been
getting things slightly wrong in the past.</p> <p>When
we do account for these four dimensions, we do find that personal
language preferences and ethnic or civic notions of “Ukrainianness” are
important in shaping political attitudes to language policy and joining
NATO. However, the language spoken at work, not at home, affected the
likelihood of joining the Euromaidan protests. Counter to expectations,
ethnicity doesn’t appear to have shaped Ukrainians’ expectations of a
new Russian invasion.</p> <span style="margin:15px auto;width:300px" id="gmail-slug_inline_bb_3" class="gmail-wp-inline-bb gmail-pb-centered-bb"><div id="gmail-google_ads_iframe_/701/wpni.politics/monkey-cage_7__container__" style="border:0pt none;display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px"></div></span><p><strong>Several
articles in the special issue focus on new emerging identities in
Ukraine post-Maidan. Could you tell us a bit about these?</strong></p> <p>Yes! <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1451232">Volodymyr Kulyk</a>
shows that over the last two decades we observed two phenomena: (1) a
“shedding” of “Russianness” and (2) a simultaneous rise in people
declaring their sense of nationality to be civic and not ethnic.</p> <p class="gmail-interstitial-link"><i>[<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/04/03/when-does-russian-propaganda-work-and-when-does-it-backfire-heres-what-we-found">When does Russian propaganda work — and when does it backfire?</a>]</i></p> <p>Using original panel data, <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1452181">Graeme Robertson and Grigore Pop-Eleches</a>
find a significant increase in people thinking of Ukraine as their
“homeland.” This is a heavily polarized post-colonial society where
ethnicity is thought to be hugely salient, where outside forces are
trying to heighten ethnolinguistic tensions. And yet attachment to the
state is growing.</p> <p>At the same time, they find
that ethnic identities and language practices have not shifted or
hardened as a result of the current conflict. Thus, whilst civic
identities have seemingly strengthened, ethnolinguistic identities have
remained consistent.</p> <span style="margin:15px auto;width:300px" id="gmail-slug_inline_bb_4" class="gmail-wp-inline-bb gmail-pb-centered-bb"><div id="gmail-google_ads_iframe_/701/wpni.politics/monkey-cage_9__container__" style="border:0pt none;display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px"></div></span><p>Finally, <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1447769">Elise Giuliano’s</a>
article points to the possibility that class-based and regional
identities centered around feelings of “being left behind” have become
increasingly important for those most affected by the conflict in the
east. That’s very significant. Eastern Ukrainians’ feelings that the
government has abandoned them correlate with their support for
separatist conflict. This is similar to feelings of abandonment
correlating with voting for the far-right in France, for Brexit in the
U.K. and for Trump in the U.S.</p> <p class="gmail-interstitial-link"><i>[<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/01/05/ukrainians-are-protesting-corruption-and-using-a-new-approach-heres-how-it-works/">Ukrainians are protesting corruption using a new technique. Here’s how it works.</a>]</i></p> <p><strong>What was the most surprising thing you learned from your work on this special issue?</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1452209">Gwendolyn </a><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1452209">Sasse and Alice Lakner</a>
have really interesting data that tracks several populations: those
living in the eastern regions that are still controlled by the Ukrainian
government; those living in the self-declared “Donetsk People’s
Republic” and “Luhansk People’s Republic”; the internally displaced; and
those who fled to Russia. Surprisingly, they find that the war has not
shifted ethno identities — and yet, civic identities have either
remained stable across all four groups or, in some cases, have
strengthened.</p> <p><strong>More and more these days,
we hear Ukraine described as a “frozen conflict.” Based on the research
in this special issue, are you more or less optimistic that this
conflict will be resolved soon?</strong></p> <p>I have
a measured optimism. Ukrainian citizens seem to be unified by a shared
sense of belonging to a civic community or homeland. However, regional
socioeconomic inequalities are driving support for violent conflict and
secession. In some places, citizens are struggling economically because
of the collapse of former Soviet industries, bad economic policies, and
massive corruption. That’s not easy to fix.</p> <p>To
reduce anger at the central government, politicians and international
donors should focus on regional development policies and invest in the
east of Ukraine.</p> <p>A solution to the conflict
will also require outmaneuvering Russian tactics. It is possible that
Putin’s continued attempts to inflame ethnic or linguistic divisions,
may lead the conflict to spread — yet, what we have seen to date
suggests the opposite. Although the Ukrainian state is weak, and its
elites are not only corrupt but also lack capacity and coordination,
ordinary Ukrainians across the country have an increasingly stronger
sense of a common civic identity.</p> <p class="gmail-interstitial-link"><i>[<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/03/19/remember-the-cold-war-putin-has-brought-it-back">Remember the Cold War? Putin has brought it back.</a>]</i></p> </article> <div class="gmail-clear"></div> </div> </div> <div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-true gmail-full gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-page-newsletter-inStream" id="gmail-fRc6pk1ZGEmjUq"> </div> <div class="gmail-chain-wrapper gmail-standard-chain gmail-in-chain gmail-border-bottom-hairline gmail-border-bottom-100-pct gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-chain gmail-pb-c-standard-chain gmail-full" id="gmail-c0840D7ZGEmjUq"> <div class="gmail-chain-content gmail-no-skin gmail-clear"> <div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-true gmail-col-md-6 gmail-col-sm-6 gmail-col-xs-12 gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-page-comments-link gmail-col-lg-6" id="gmail-f6bUGv1ZGEmjUq"> <div id="gmail-comment_link_button_wrapper" class="gmail-comment-link-button-wrapper gmail-display-samePage"> <div id="gmail-comment_summary_button"> <div class="gmail-comment-summary-count"> <span class="gmail-fa gmail-fa-comments"></span> <span id="gmail-comment_count_inline" class="gmail-coral-counter gmail-comment-count">4</span></div> <div class="gmail-comment-summary-label"> <span class="gmail-comment-display">Comment<span id="gmail-comment-count-inline-plural">s</span></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-true gmail-col-xs-0 gmail-col-md-6 gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-page-share-bar gmail-col-sm-6 gmail-col-lg-6" id="gmail-f0p2zxkZGEmjUq"> <div class="gmail-social-tools-wrapper-bottom gmail-align-right gmail-color-icons"> <ul class="gmail-social-tools-bottom gmail-inline"> <li class="gmail-facebook"> <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/06/08/ukrainians-are-getting-less-divided-by-language-not-more-heres-the-research/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.4f7f33ee9a91#" tabindex="_tbidx_"> <span class="gmail-fa gmail-fa-facebook-square"> </span><span class="gmail-longname">Share on Facebook</span><span class="gmail-shortname">Share</span> </a> </li> <li class="gmail-twitter"> <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/06/08/ukrainians-are-getting-less-divided-by-language-not-more-heres-the-research/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.4f7f33ee9a91#" tabindex="_tbidx_"> <span class="gmail-fa gmail-fa-twitter"> </span> <span class="gmail-longname">Share on Twitter</span><span class="gmail-shortname">Tweet</span> </a> </li> <li class="email"> <a tabindex="_tbidx_"> <span class="gmail-hideText">Share via Email</span><span class="gmail-fa gmail-fa-envelope"></span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="gmail-clear"></div> </div> </div> <div class="gmail-clear"></div> </div> <div class="gmail-clear"></div> </div> <div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-true gmail-full gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-article-article-author-bio" id="gmail-f0YaXdkZGEmjUq"> <div class="gmail-pb-bottom-author-wrapper gmail-border-bottom-hairline gmail-border-bottom-100-pct"> <div class="gmail-pb-bottom-author"> <div class="gmail-pb-headshot gmail-col-xs-0 gmail-col-sm-2"> <img src="https://www.washingtonpost.com/resizer/ZJww2gtchMRjMjEYZ6TBlTZViXg=/180x180/www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/files/2013/09/Joshua-tucker.jpg" class="gmail-"> </div> <div class="gmail-pb-author-info gmail-col-sm-offset-2"> <div class="gmail-pb-author-bio">Joshua
Tucker is a Professor of Politics at New York University. He
specializes in voting, partisanship, public opinion, and protest, as
well as the relationship of social media usage to all of these forms of
behavior, with a focus on Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.</div> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/follow?screen_name=j_a_tucker"><i class="gmail-fa gmail-fa-twitter"></i> Follow @j_a_tucker</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-false gmail-full gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-page-subscription-promo" id="gmail-f0JqQtuZGEmjUq"> <div class="gmail-border-bottom-hairline gmail-pb-subscribe-promo" style="display:block"> <div class="gmail-pb-subscribe gmail-pb-font-smoothing"> <div class="gmail-pb-subscribe-image-container"> <img src="https://www.washingtonpost.com/resizer/vrVMeZJleXiNHbrd0Vi8_7hOElk=/150x0/www.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/img/twp-logo-300x46.png" alt="subscribe" class="gmail-_3-to-2 gmail-placeholder gmail-wp-logo gmail-courtesy-of-the-resizer"> </div> <div class="gmail-pb-subscribe-title-container"> <div class="gmail-pb-subscribe-headline">The story must be told.</div> <div class="gmail-pb-subscribe-subline">Your subscription supports journalism that matters.</div> </div> <div class="gmail-pb-subscribe-button"> <a class="gmail-pb-subscribe-link" href="https://subscribe.washingtonpost.com/acquisition/?promo=d_am_in_a18&oscode=RPWH&tid=s_028">Try 1 month for $1</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-true gmail-full gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-generic-promo-image" id="gmail-falW2j1ZGEmjUq"> </div> <div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-true gmail-full gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-page-trump-can-he-do-that-podcast" id="gmail-fsc2sc1ZGEmjUq"> </div> <div class="gmail-moat-trackable gmail-pb-f-theme-normal gmail-pb-f-dehydrate-false gmail-pb-f-async-true gmail-full gmail-pb-feature gmail-pb-layout-item gmail-pb-f-page-recommended-strip" id="gmail-f0dijv4ZGEmjUq"> <div id="gmail-post-recommends" class="gmail-cf-postrecommends-module"><div class="gmail-postrecommends gmail-contentfeed"><div class="gmail-content-strip"><div class="gmail-label-wrapper gmail-label-wrapper-post-recommends"><span class="gmail-label gmail-label-kicker"><span class="gmail-">The Post Recommends</span></span></div><div class="gmail-clear"></div><div class="gmail-border-top- gmail-border-top- gmail-border-bottom-hairline gmail-border-bottom-100-pct gmail-first">
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<div class="gmail-blurb gmail-large gmail-normal-style">He wanted to shame the Dr. Green lawn service, as he felt Dr. Green had shamed him. It worked.</div><div class="gmail-timestamp">Apr 12</div>
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<div class="gmail-label gmail-label-normal gmail-label-primary">Opinion</div>
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<div class="gmail-headline gmail-x-small gmail-normal-style gmail-text-align-inherit"><a class="gmail-" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2018/06/06/if-tuesday-is-any-guide-things-are-getting-much-worse/?tid=hybrid_experimentrandom_with_top_mostshared_2_na">If Tuesday is any guide, things are getting much worse</a></div>
<div class="gmail-blurb gmail-large gmail-normal-style">Trump is under siege from all sides.</div><div class="gmail-timestamp">2 days ago</div>
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<div class="gmail-photo-wrapper"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/sports/wnba-champs-visit-dc-elementary-school-to-celebrate/2018/06/06/4c2e79ee-69e2-11e8-a335-c4503d041eaf_video.html?tid=hybrid_mostviewedvideo_3_na"><img alt="" src="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https%3A%2F%2Fd1i4t8bqe7zgj6.cloudfront.net%2F06-06-2018%2Ft_1528328117767_name_Field_AP_copy.jpg&w=480&h=320" class="gmail-courtesy-of-the-resizer"></a></div>
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<div class="gmail-headline gmail-x-small gmail-normal-style gmail-text-align-inherit"><a class="gmail-" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/sports/wnba-champs-visit-dc-elementary-school-to-celebrate/2018/06/06/4c2e79ee-69e2-11e8-a335-c4503d041eaf_video.html?tid=hybrid_mostviewedvideo_3_na">WNBA champs visit D.C. elementary school to celebrate</a></div>
<div class="gmail-blurb gmail-large gmail-normal-style">The
Minnesota Lynx, the 2017 WNBA champions, did not visit the White House
to celebrate their win. Instead, they visited a D.C. elementary school
on June 6.</div><div class="gmail-standalone-overlay gmail-posttv-playlist-text-play-btn"><a class="gmail-video-play" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/sports/wnba-champs-visit-dc-elementary-school-to-celebrate/2018/06/06/4c2e79ee-69e2-11e8-a335-c4503d041eaf_video.html?tid=hybrid_mostviewedvideo_3_na"><span class="gmail-fa gmail-fa-play gmail-icon-left"></span><span>Play Video</span><span class="gmail-duration">1:13</span></a></div><div class="gmail-timestamp">1 day ago</div>
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<br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br> Harold F. Schiffman<br><br>Professor Emeritus of <br> Dravidian Linguistics and Culture <br>Dept. of South Asia Studies <br>University of Pennsylvania<br>Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305<br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138 <br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com" target="_blank">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/" target="_blank">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------</div>
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